Volume 24 (2026) - In progress Download Cover Page

Designing Interactive FIVES E-Modules with a Deep Learning Approach to Enhance Reading Literacy of Elementary School Students

Article Number: e2026091  |  Available Online: July 2026  |  DOI: 10.22521/edupij.2026.24.91

Sri Dewi Nirmala , Ryan Dwi Puspita , Sendi Ramdhani

Abstract

Background/purpose.  Reading literacy is essential for elementary students’ academic success. However, in Indonesia, it continues to face obstacles such as low motivation, limited teaching strategies, insufficient higher-order thinking skills, and technological gaps. This study aims to design an interactive e-module based on the FIVES (Facts, Inference, Vocabulary, Experiences, Summary) model integrated with a deep learning approach to enhance reading literacy.

Materials/methods. A mixed methods approach with an exploratory-sequential design was employed. Quantitative data were collected from 124 teachers across 17 provinces, while qualitative data were obtained through interviews with 14 teachers and 70 students. The needs analysis informed the design of the interactive e-module, which integrates deep learning principles (mindful, meaningful, joyful) and learning experiences (understanding, applying, reflecting). At this stage, the study produced only a design framework, which will later be validated by experts and tested in both limited and broader settings.

Results. Four categories of barriers to reading literacy were identified: ontogenic, didactic, epistemological, and technological. The e-module design offers a structured strategy to address these barriers by combining the FIVES framework with deep learning, demonstrating potential to improve students’ motivation, comprehension, and critical thinking.

Conclusion. The study underscores the need for a holistic approach to reading literacy. The interactive FIVES-based e-module, grounded in deep learning principles, shows promise as an effective learning medium, supported by policies for technology infrastructure and teacher training to ensure optimal implementation.

Keywords: Reading literacy, interactive e-module, FIVES model, deep learning, elementary school students

References

Afflerbach, P. (2025). Understanding and using reading assessment, K-12. Guilford Publications.

Afiyah, I. (2025). The Existence of Library Literacy in Indonesia in the Millennial Era: Strategies for Improving the Quality of Education to Support the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG's). Solo International Collaboration and Publication of Social Sciences and Humanities, 3(01), 41-52. https://doi.org/10.61455/sicopus.v3i01.229

Akbar, F. F., Wilany, E., & Siahaan, S. (2025). Higher-order thinking skills (HOTS) in reading comprehension of EFL class. Celtic: A Journal of Culture, English Language Teaching, Literature and Linguistics, 12(2), 730-753. https://doi.org/10.22219/celtic.v12i2.41568

Al Otaiba, S., McMaster, K., Wanzek, J., & Zaru, M. W. (2023). What we know and need to know about literacy interventions for elementary students with reading difficulties and disabilities, including dyslexia. Reading Research Quarterly, 58(2), 313-332. https://doi.org/10.1002/rrq.458

Alazemi, A. F. T. (2024). Formative assessment in artificial integrated instruction: delving into the effects on reading comprehension progress, online academic enjoyment, personal best goals, and academic mindfulness. Language Testing in Asia, 14(1), 44. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40468-024-00319-8

Allen, J. (2023). Words, words, words: Teaching vocabulary in grades 4-12. New York: Routledge.

Anggun, M. S., Fakhruddin, F., Arbarini, M., Subali, B., & Widiarti, N. (2025). Implementing Creative Learning with Technology to Improve Literacy and Numeracy in Primary Schools. Journal of Innovation and Research in Primary Education, 4(3), 430-437. https://doi.org/10.56916/jirpe.v4i3.1299

Ausubel, D. P. (1968). Educational psychology: A cognitive view. Holt, Rinehart & Wilson.

Balasubramaniam, N., Kauppinen, M., Rannisto, A., Hiekkanen, K., & Kujala, S. (2023). Transparency and explainability of AI systems: From ethical guidelines to requirements. Information and Software Technology, 159, 107197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infsof.2023.107197

Buaga, G. F., & Supartinah, S. (2025). Development of Multiple Intelligence-Based Indonesian Learning E-Modules for Grade V Elementary School. KEMBARA: Jurnal Keilmuan Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.22219/kembara.v11i1.36579

Catts, H. W., Nielsen, D. C., Bridges, M. S., Liu, Y. S., & Bontempo, D. E. (2015). Early identification of reading disabilities within an RTI framework. Journal of learning disabilities, 48(3), 281-297. https://doi.org/10.1177/002221941349811

Chen, Z., Pavlova, M., & Ramos, C. (2021). A systematic approach to adult educators’ professional development in Singapore: Challenges and future developments. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 40(5-6), 455-470. https://doi.org/10.1080/02601370.2021.1978006

Chiu, T. K., Ahmad, Z., Ismailov, M., & Sanusi, I. T. (2024). What are artificial intelligence literacy and competency? A comprehensive framework to support them. Computers and Education Open, 6, 100171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeo.2024.100171

Cho, E. (2025). Narrative analysis of English language learning in intra-national migration in Korea: A case study on the development of academic literacy. System, 133, 103767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2025.103767

Churchill, R., Apps, T., Batt, J., Beckman, K., Grainger, P., Holloway, J., ... & Shaw, K. (2024). Teaching: Making a difference. John Wiley & Sons.

Coiro, J. (2021). Toward a multifaceted heuristic of digital reading to inform assessment, research, practice, and policy. Reading Research Quarterly, 56(1), 9-31. https://doi.org/10.1002/rrq.302

Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2023). Revisiting mixed methods research designs twenty years later. Handbook of mixed methods research designs, 1(1), 21-36. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529614572.n6

Davies, B., & Jones, I. (2022). Assessing proof reading comprehension using summaries. International journal of research in undergraduate mathematics education, 8(3), 469-489. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40753-021-00157-6 

Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS quarterly, 319-340. https://www.jstor.org/stable/249008

Dewayani, S., Kurniasari, A. F., Gf, M. L., & Aulia, F. T. (2021). Inspirasi pembelajaran yang menguatkan literasi pada mata pelajaran Bahasa Indonesia untuk Jenjang Sekolah Menengah Pertama. http://repositori.kemendikdasmen.go.id/id/eprint/22997

Dewi, Y. N., Rozimela, Y., Zaim, M., & Masoud, H. M. (2024). Asssesing the Students' Needs on the Use of E Modules in Learning English at High Schools. ENGLISH FRANCA: Academic Journal of English Language and Education, 8(2 November), 365-378. http://dx.doi.org/10.30821/biolokus.v7i2.3999

Dong, H., Qu, H., Liu, P., & Apuke, O. D. (2024). The effectiveness of using interactive visual multimedia technology intervention in improving the literacy skills of children in rural China. Learning and Motivation, 86, 101964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lmot.2024.101964

Duke, N. K., & Cartwright, K. B. (2021). The science of reading progresses: Communicating advances beyond the simple view of reading. Reading Research Quarterly, 56, S25-S44. https://doi.org/10.1002/rrq.411

Duke, N. K., Ward, A. E., & Pearson, P. D. (2021). The science of reading comprehension instruction. The Reading Teacher, 74(6), 663-672. https://doi.org/10.1002/trtr.1993

Errabo, D. D., & Ongoco, A. A. (2024). Effects of interactive mobile learning modules on students’ engagement and understanding in genetics. Journal of Research in Innovative Teaching & Learning, 17(2), 327-351. https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIT-01-2024-0023

Feriyanto, F., & Anjariyah, D. (2024). Deep learning approach through meaningful, mindful, and joyful learning: A library research. Electronic Journal of Education, Social Economics and Technology, 5(2), 208-212.  https://doi.org/10.33122/ejeset.v5i2.321

Fletcher, J. (2023). Teaching literature rhetorically: Transferable literacy skills for 21st century students. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781032682709

Fox, E. (2020). Readers’ individual differences in affect and cognition. In Handbook of Reading Research, Volume V (pp. 180-196). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315676302-10

Fullan, M., & Langworthy, M. (2014). A rich seam: How new pedagogies find deep learning.

Furlong, L., Serry, T., Bridgman, K., & Erickson, S. (2021). An evidence‐based synthesis of instructional reading and spelling procedures using telepractice: A rapid review in the context of COVID‐19. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 56(3), 456-472. https://doi.org/10.1111/1460-6984.12619

Gauche, G., & Pfeiffer Flores, E. (2022). The role of inferences in reading comprehension: A critical analysis. Theory & Psychology, 32(2), 326-343. https://doi.org/10.1177/09593543211043805 

Gunawan, M. A., Fitri, A., & Murodah, N. (2024). Develompment of an E-module for educational evaluation course with a problem based learning framework. Edukasia Islamika, 9(1), 132-144.  https://doi.org/10.28918/jei.v9i1.7242

Herlina, E., & Abidin, Z. (2024). Development of interactive e-modules to improve students’ scientific literacy abilities: A literature review. Jurnal Mangifera Edu, 8(2), 74-87.  https://doi.org/10.31943/mangiferaedu.v8i2.181

Hirose, M., & Creswell, J. W. (2023). Applying core quality criteria of mixed methods research to an empirical study. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 17(1), 12-28. https://doi.org/10.1177/1558689822108634

Jiang, R. (2022). Understanding, Investigating, and promoting deep learning in language education: A survey on chinese college students' deep learning in the online EFL teaching context. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 955565. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.955565

Jin, X., Kim, E., & Kim, K. C. (2024). Transforming early childhood education: The Nuri curriculum reform in South Korea. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 15(3), 12337-12360. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-023-01586-1

Kanonire, T., Lubenko, J., & Kuzmina, Y. (2022). The effects of intrinsic and extrinsic reading motivation on reading performance in elementary school. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 36(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/02568543.2020.1822961

Kärbla, T., Uibu, K., & Männamaa, M. (2021). Teaching strategies to improve students’ vocabulary and text comprehension. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 36(3), 553-572. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10212-020-00489-y

Khan, N., Sarwar, A., Chen, T. B., & Khan, S. (2022). Connecting digital literacy in higher education to the 21st century workforce. Knowledge Management & E-Learning, 14(1), 46-61. https://doi.org/10.34105/j.kmel.2022.14.004

Khasawneh, M. A. S., Aladini, A., Assi, S. A., & Ajanil, B. (2025). Portfolio assessment in AI-enhanced learning environments: a pathway to emotion regulation, mindfulness, and language learning attitudes. Language Testing in Asia, 15(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40468-025-00345-0

Khotimah, N., & Astawan, I. G. (2024). The Effectiveness of Early Science and Mathematics Development E-Modules to Improve Early Childhood Concept Understanding. Mimbar Ilmu, 29(2), 343-349. https://doi.org/10.23887/mi.v29i2.84541

Lawrence, J. F., Knoph, R., McIlraith, A., Kulesz, P. A., & Francis, D. J. (2022). Reading comprehension and academic vocabulary: Exploring relations of item features and reading proficiency. Reading Research Quarterly, 57(2), 669-690. https://doi.org/10.1002/rrq.434

Le, H. V., Nguyen, T. A. D., Le, D. H. N., Nguyen, P. U., & Nguyen, T. T. A. (2024). Unveiling critical reading strategies and challenges: a mixed-methods study among English major students in a Vietnamese higher education institution. Cogent Education, 11(1), 2326732. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2024.2326732

Li, X., & Chu, S. K. W. (2021). Exploring the effects of gamification pedagogy on children’s reading: A mixed‐method study on academic performance, reading‐related mentality and behaviors, and sustainability. British Journal of Educational Technology, 52(1), 160-178. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020988849

Lipponen, L. (2000). Towards knowledge building: From facts to explanations in primary students' computer mediated discourse. Learning Environments Research, 3(2), 179-199. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026516728338

Liu, D. (2024). The effects of segmentation on cognitive load, vocabulary learning and retention, and reading comprehension in a multimedia learning environment. BMC psychology, 12(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-023-01489-5

Mahayanti, N. W. S., Suwastini, N. K. A., Riastini, P. N., Rachman, D., & Rajab, A. (2025). On Becoming 21st Century Reading Educators:“Are Teacher Educators and The Curriculum Critical Enough in Critical Reading Instruction?”. English Language Education, 1, 2. https://doi.org/10.23887/jpbi.v13i1.85454

Mann, S. J. (2000). The students' experience of reading. Higher Education, 39(3), 297-317. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1003953002704

Marini, A., Safitri, D., Niladini, A., Zahari, M., Dewiyani, L., & Muawanah, U. (2025). Developing a website integrated with project-based learning: Evidence of stimulating creativity among elementary school students in Indonesia. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 11, 101402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101402

Marlina, M., Syafi’i, W., & Suwondo, S. (2025). Validity and practicality of ecosystem e-modules integrated with local wisdom to improve students' SCA and critical thinking skills. JPBI (Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi Indonesia), 11(2), 728-741. https://doi.org/10.22219/jpbi.v11i2.40353

Marton, F., & Säljö, R. (1976). On qualitative differences in learning: I—Outcome and process. British journal of educational psychology, 46(1), 4-11. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8279.1976.tb02980.x

McGraw, K. L., & Harbison, K. (2020). User-centered requirements: the scenario-based engineering process. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003064138

McTighe, J., & Silver, H. F. (2020). Teaching for deeper learning: Tools to engage students in meaning making. USA: ASCD.

Melani, M., Sutedja, E., Irianti, S., Herawati, D. M. D., & Pramatirta, A. Y. (2025). Development of a website-based E-module for midwifery care for neonates, infants, and toddlers: A mixed-method study. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 12, 101993. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101993

Mhlongo, S., Mbatha, K., Ramatsetse, B., & Dlamini, R. (2023). Challenges, opportunities, and prospects  of adopting and using smart digital technologies in learning environments: An iterative review. Heliyon, 9(6). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16348

Mirra, N., & Garcia, A. (2021). In search of the meaning and purpose of 21st‐century literacy learning: A critical review of research and practice. Reading research quarterly, 56(3), 463-496.  https://doi.org/10.1002/rrq.313

Mpuangnan, K. N. (2024). Teacher preparedness and professional development needs for successful technology integration in teacher education. Cogent Education, 11(1), 2408837. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2024.2408837

Nasrullah, R., Laksono, K., Prayogi, A., Parmin, P., & Inayatillah, F. (2024). Establishing Literacy Foundations: Policies and Interventions for Indonesia's Future Excellence. Jurnal Kependidikan, 10(3), 1219-1230. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33394/jk.v10i3.11011

Nditafon, G. N. (2018). Didactic Transposition for Inferential and Analogical Thinking, Reasoning and Transfer of School Knowledge for Societal Context-of-Use. Open Access Library Journal, 5(08), 1. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1104785

Nirmala, S. D. (2018). Kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa kelas IV se-Gugus 2 Purwasari dalam membaca pemahaman melalui model fives dan model guided reading. Dinamika Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Dasar. https://doi.org/10.30595/dinamika.v10i2.3889

Nirmala, S. D., & Puspita, R. D. (2025). Innovative E-Module Design Using the FIVES Model: Strengthening Literacy and Numeracy in Elementary Schools. AL-ISHLAH: Jurnal Pendidikan, 17(1), 1504-1518. https://doi.org/10.35445/alishlah.v17i1.6756

Nirmala, S. D., Firdaus, F. M., Ramdhani, S., Hidayat, A. R., & binti Razali, F. (2025). Differentiated Learning Activities: How Does Its Impact on Students' Literacy?. Jurnal Prima Edukasia, 13(1), 169-180. https://doi.org/10.21831/jpe.v13i1.74220

Nityasanti, N., Laila, A., Saida, A., Baharudin, B., & Yasin, M. H. M. (2025). 21st Century Learning: A Research Analysis of Numeracy Literacy Trends Among Students. IJORER: International Journal of Recent Educational Research, 6(1), 264-277. https://doi.org/10.46245/ijorer.v6i1.726

Pedler, M. L., Willis, R., & Nieuwoudt, J. E. (2022). A sense of belonging at university: Student retention, motivation and enjoyment. Journal of further and Higher Education, 46(3), 397-408. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2021.1955844

Piaget, J. (1970). Science of education and the psychology of the child. Trans. D. Coltman.

Prabowo, T. T., Marwiyah, Zain, L., Martias, L. D., Riani, N., Farhanah, N., & Sitthiworachart, J. (2024). Effect of demographic factors on reading habits: Study on Indonesian secondary school students. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 57(3), 705-718. https://doi.org/10.1177/09610006241239078

Prameswari, A., & Suyono, S. (2025). From Retrieval to Reflection: Profiling the Cognitive Levels and Stimulus Characteristics of Summative Reading Literacy Items in Indonesia. Jurnal VARIDIKA, 48-61. https://doi.org/10.23917/varidika.v37i1.8819

Prasetyo, I., Nugroho, A. A., Damayanto, A., & Fathoni, M. I. (2025). Developing an inclusive ICT-based academic information system using REST API to promote Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in higher education. ASEAN Journal of Science and Engineering, 5(2), 395-416.  https://doi.org/10.17509/ajse.v5i2.88599

Puteri, A. F. N., & Sulistina, O. (2025). E-Module Learning Cycle 5E Oriented Education for Sustainable Development on Reaction Rate Material to Increase Sustainable Consciousness. Orbital: Jurnal Pendidikan Kimia, 9(1), 112-123. https://doi.org/10.19109/ojpk.v9i1.28097

Qiao, C., Chen, Y., Guo, Q., & Yu, Y. (2024). Understanding science data literacy: A conceptual framework and assessment tool for college students majoring in STEM. International Journal of STEM Education, 11(1), 25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-024-00484-5

Rahman, L. (2024). Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development of teaching and learning in STEM education. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, 13(8), 389-94. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/383400353

Ramdhani, S., Nurcahyono, N. A., & Nirmala, S. D. (2025). Designing interactive e-modules based on differentiated instruction and the theory of didactical situations for primary mathematics education. Educational Process: International Journal, 17, e2025368. https://doi.org/10.22521/edupij.2025.17.368

Reich, J., Buttimer, C. J., Coleman, D., Colwell, R. D., Faruqi, F., & Larke, L. R. (2020). What's lost, what's left, what's next: Lessons learned from the lived experiences of teachers during the 2020 novel coronavirus pandemic. https://edarxiv.org/8exp9

Rincon-Flores, E. G., Castano, L., Guerrero Solis, S. L., Olmos Lopez, O., Rodríguez Hernández, C. F., Castillo Lara, L. A., & Aldape Valdés, L. P. (2024). Improving the learning-teaching process through adaptive learning strategy. Smart Learning Environments, 11(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-024-00314-9

Rizkina, T., Damaianti, V., Bukhori Muslim, A., Sumiyadi, & Laeli, W. (2025). Investigating poetry writing pedagogy: integrating expressive therapeutic literatureto foster Indonesian students’ self-literacy. Journal of Poetry Therapy, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/08893675.2025.2557575

Rollins, L. H., Sanders, S., Jolivette, K., & Virgin, A. S. (2022). Assessment of strategy instruction and self-regulation in reading comprehension: A review of the literature. Preventing School Failure: Alternative Education for Children and Youth, 66(4), 301-311. https://doi.org/10.1080/1045988X.2022.2132198

Rukthong, A., & Brunfaut, T. (2019). Is anybody listening? The nature of second language listening in integrated listening-to-summarize tasks. Language Testing, 37(1), 31-53. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265532219871470

Santhosh, J., Pai, A. P., & Ishimaru, S. (2024). Toward an interactive reading experience: Deep learning insights and visual narratives of engagement and emotion. IEEE Access, 12, 6001-6016.  https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3350745

Sari, G. I., Winasis, S., Pratiwi, I., & Nuryanto, U. W. (2024). Strengthening digital literacy in Indonesia: Collaboration, innovation, and sustainability education. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 10, 101100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.101100

Schaffar, B., & Wolff, L. A. (2024). Phenomenon-based learning in Finland: a critical overview of its historical and philosophical roots. Cogent Education, 11(1), 2309733. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2024.2309733

Shea, M., & Roberts, N. (2016). Fives: an integrated strategy for comprehension and vocabulary learning. Journal of Inquiry and Action in Education, 8(1), 6.

Sintawati, N. P., & Margunayasa, I. G. (2021). Interactive e-module for science learning content: validity and feasibility. International Journal of Elementary Education, 5(1), 19-29. https://doi.org/10.23887/ijee.v5i1.34281

Smith, R., Snow, P., Serry, T., & Hammond, L. (2021). The role of background knowledge in reading comprehension: A critical review. Reading Psychology, 42(3), 214-240. https://doi.org/10.1080/02702711.2021.1888348

Song, X., Razali, A. B., Sulaiman, T., & Jeyaraj, J. J. (2025). Effectiveness of online project-based learning on Chinese EFL learners’ critical thinking skills and reading comprehension ability. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 56, 101778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2025.101778

Soto, C., Gutierrez de Blume, A. P., Rebolledo, V., Rodríguez, F., Palma, D., & Gutiérrez, F. (2023). Metacognitive monitoring skills of reading comprehension and writing between proficient and poor readers. Metacognition and Learning, 18(1), 113-134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11409-022-09317-8

Soufghalem, A. (2024). The role of technology in enhancing digital literacy skills among secondary school students. International Journal of Post Axial: Futuristic Teaching and Learning, 203-214. https://doi.org/10.59944/postaxial.v2i4.390

Spivey, N. N. (2023). The constructivist metaphor: Reading, writing and the making of meaning. Brill.

Suwandi, R. A., Suciati, S., & Suranto, S. (2023). Validity and Effectiveness of e-Modules. The International Journal of Interdisciplinary Educational Studies, 19(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.18848/2327-011X/CGP/v19i01/1-23

Teng, F. (2020). The benefits of metacognitive reading strategy awareness instruction for young learners of English as a second language. Literacy, 54(1), 29-39.  https://doi.org/10.1111/lit.12181

Torppa, M., Niemi, P., Vasalampi, K., Lerkkanen, M. K., Tolvanen, A., & Poikkeus, A. M. (2020). Leisure reading (but not any kind) and reading comprehension support each other—A longitudinal study across grades 1 and 9. Child development, 91(3), 876-900. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13241

Tracey, D. H., & Morrow, L. M. (2024). Lenses on reading. New York: Guilford Publications.

Vaughn, S., Boardman, A., & Klingner, J. K. (2024). Teaching reading comprehension to students with learning difficulties. New York: Guilford Publications.

Viantho, I., & Nirmala, S. D. (2024). How Can Social Emotional Learning Strategies with Mindfulness Techniques Improve Reading Literacy?. International Journal of Elementary Education, 8(3). https://doi.org/10.23887/ijee.v8i3.83033

Viczko, M. (2016). A Rich Seam: How New Pedagogies Find Deep Learning, by Michael Fullan and Maria Langworthy: (2014). London: Pearson. https://doi.org/10.1080/15700763.2015.1073331

Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes (Vol. 86). Harvard university press.

Wang, C. Y., Gao, B. L., & Chen, S. J. (2024). The effects of metacognitive scaffolding of project-based learning environments on students’ metacognitive ability and computational thinking. Education and Information Technologies, 29(5), 5485-5508. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-12022-x

Wawire, B. A., & Zuilkowski, S. S. (2021). The role of vocabulary and decoding language skills in reading comprehension: a cross-linguistic perspective. International Multilingual Research Journal, 15(1), 23-42. https://doi.org/10.1080/19313152.2020.1753953

Weisberg, L., & Dawson, K. (2023). The intersection of equity pedagogy and technology integration in preservice teacher education: A scoping review. Journal of Teacher Education, 74(4), 327-342. https://doi.org/10.1177/00224871231182129

Weng, C., Chen, C., & Ai, X. (2023). A pedagogical study on promoting students' deep learning through design-based learning. International journal of technology and design education, 33(4), 1653-1674. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10798-022-09789-4

Xi, J., & Lantolf, J. P. (2021). Scaffolding and the zone of proximal development: A problematic relationship. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 51(1), 25-48. https://doi.org/10.1111/jtsb.12260

Yerdelen-Damar, S., & Eryılmaz, A. (2021). Promoting conceptual understanding with explicit epistemic intervention in metacognitive instruction: Interaction between the treatment and epistemic cognition. Research in science education, 51(2), 547-575. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-018-9807-7

Zajda, J. (2021). Constructivist Learning Theory and Creating Effective Learning Environments. In: Globalisation and Education Reforms. Globalisation, Comparative Education and Policy Research, vol 25. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71575-5_3

Zami, F. Z., Umam, H., & Mustofa, M. (2025). Reading Habits and Their Influence on Student English Writing Skill in Indonesia: A Systematic Review. IDEAS: Journal on English Language Teaching and Learning, Linguistics and Literature, 13(2), 4243-4254. https://doi.org/10.24256/ideas.v13i2.7756

Zayed, A. M. (2024). Positive Academic Emotions and Academic Self-Efficacy as Mediator Variables in the Relationship Between Metacognitive Awareness and Deep Learning Among University Students. International Journal of Education and Learning Research, 7(2), 1-33. https://doi.org/10.21608/ijelr.2025.359913.1021

Zimmermann, L. M., & Reed, D. K. (2020). Improving Reading Comprehension of Informational Text: Text Structure Instruction for Students with or At Risk for Learning Disabilities. TEACHING Exceptional Children, 52(4), 232-241. https://doi.org/10.1177/0040059919889358