Abstract

Conclusion. The study is valuable for its comprehensive analysis of the multifaceted challenges facing higher education, particularly in digital infrastructure and teacher competencies. Research indicates that faculty members in Saudi Arabian universities face challenges when using smart and virtual systems. However, there is limited understanding of the components of a system for using smart and virtual systems in education and how these components interact to contribute to the development of a smart education system.

Keywords: Smart applications, Virtual environments, Higher Education

Abadia, R., Fritsch, J., Abdelaal, S., & Jayawickrama, T. (2024). Opportunities overcome challenges in adopting immersive virtual reality in online learning. Computers and Education, Open, 7, 100208.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeo.2024.100208

Alajmi, Q., Sadiq, A., Kamaludin, A., & Al-Sharafi, M. A. (2017). E-Learning Models: The Effectiveness of the Cloud-Based E-Learning Model over the Traditional E-Learning Model. 2017 8th International Conference on Information Technology (ICIT), Amman, 17-18 May 2017, 12–16. https://doi.org/10.1109/icitech.2017.8079909

Al-Hadi, M. (2018). The Use of Information Systems and Computer Technology in the Development of Egyptian Education. Cairo, The Academic Library.

Alnagrat, A. J. A., Ismail, R. C., & Idrus, S. Z. S. (2022). The Opportunities and challenges in virtual reality for virtual laboratories. Innovative Teaching and Learning Journal, 6(2), 73-89.‏

Alshammari, S. H., Bilal Ali, M., & Rosli, M. S. (2018). LMS, CMS, and LCMS: The confusion among them. Science International, 30(3), 455–459.‏

Alturki, U. T. (2014). The development of online distance education in Saudi Arabia. eLearn 11:5. https://doi.org/10.1145/2687917.2673861

Anand, A., & Eswaran, S. (2018). Case study: Moodle approach to learning and content management system (LCMS). International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering, 6(7), 1147-1152. https://doi.org/10.26438/ijcse/v6i7.11471152 ‏

Baniasadi, T., Ayyoubzadeh, S. M., & Mohammadzadeh, N. (2020). Challenges and practical considerations in applying virtual reality in medical education and treatment. Oman medical journal, 35(3), e125.‏ https://doi.org/10.5001/omj.2020.43

Bastug, E., Bennis, M., Médard, M., & Debbah, M. (2017). Toward interconnected virtual reality: Opportunities, challenges, and enablers. IEEE Communications Magazine, 55(6), 110-117.‏ https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2017.1601089

Chang, M., Popescu, E., Jemni, M., Huang, R., & Spector, J. M. (2018). Challenges and Solutions in Smart Learning. Springer, Springer.‏

Cheung, S. K., Kwok, L. F., Phusavat, K., & Yang, H. H. (2021). Shaping the future learning environments with smart elements: challenges and opportunities. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 18, 1-9.‏ https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-021-00254-1

Chukwuemeka, E. J. (2023). Smart education: Opportunities, challenges and future of traditional education. International Journal of Smart Technology and Learning Int. J. Smart Technology and Learning, Vol. X, No. Y,.‏

Chukwuemeka, E. J., & Garba, M. (2024). Technology as a catalyst for learning and unlearning: A tool for navigating education in a dynamic society. European Journal of Interactive Multimedia and Education, 5(2), e02404.‏ https://doi.org/10.30935/ejimed/15640

Crow, W. T., van Den Berg, M. J., Huffman, G. J., & Pellarin, T. (2011). Correcting rainfall using satellite‐based surface soil moisture retrievals: The Soil Moisture Analysis Rainfall Tool (SMART). Water Resources Research, 47(8).‏ https://doi.org/10.1029/2011WR010576

Deng, P., Chen, B., Zeng, W., & Fang, X. (2024). Students’ Intention to Adopt E-learning Platform for College English Study: Mediating Effect of Satisfaction of Basic Psychological Needs. SAGE Open, 14(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440241286956

Fayez, A. N., Ghabban, F., & Ameerbakhsh, O. (2021). Advantages and Challenges of Smart Learning in Higher Education Institutions in Saudi Arabia. Creative Education, 12 (05), 974–982. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2021.125071

Fejlaoui, y. (2010). Leadership d’opinion et communautés virtuelles : un état de l’art. France: Centre de Recherche en Gestion Institut d'administration des Entreprises، Université des Sciences Sociales de Toulousel.

Hartati, S., Nurdin, D., & Suryana, A. (2023). Taking Up the Challenges Faced by Higher Education Institutions in Technology to Create Smart Campus. Journal of Education Research and Evaluation, 7(4), 671-683.‏ https://doi.org/10.23887/jere.v7i4.66851

Hijab, M. (2004). Tourism Media, Cairo, Dar Al-Fajr for Publishing and Distribution.

Huda, M., Maseleno, A., Teh, K. S. M., Don, A. G., Basiron, B., Jasmi, K. A., ... & Ahmad, R. (2018). Understanding Modern Learning Environment (MLE) in big data era. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (Online), 13(5), 71.‏

Jabr, N. (2022). Challenges of e-learning in light of the Corona crisis and beyond. Journal of Law, 13, 227-241.

Jwo, J. S., Lee, C. H., & Lin, C. S. (2022). Data twin-driven cyber-physical factory for smart manufacturing. Sensors, 22(8), 2821.‏ 2821. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22082821

Kavanagh, S., Luxton-Reilly, A., Wuensche, B., & Plimmer, B. (2017). A systematic review of virtual reality in education. Themes in science and technology education, 10(2), 85-119.‏

Khamis, M. (2014). Virtual Learning Environments. Journal of Educational Technology,  24 (4), 1-4.

Kong, Q. (2020). Practical exploration of home study guidance for students during the COVID-19 pandemic: A case study of Hangzhou Liuxia elementary school in Zhejiang province, China. Science Insights Education Frontiers, 5(2), 557–561.‏ https://doi.org/10.15354/sief.20.rp026

Koval-Mazyuta, M., Bakhmat, N., Sonechko, O., Fedotov, V., & Kustovska, O. (2023). Information and communication and digital technology in education: Some aspects of SMART technology application. Amazonia Investiga, 12(62), 336-344.‏ https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2023.62.02.34

Lau, W. W. (2017). Effects of social media usage and social media multitasking on the academic performance of university students. Computers in human behavior, 68, 286-291.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.043

Lege, R., & Bonner, E. (2020). Virtual reality in education: The promise, progress, and challenge. Jalt Call Journal, 16(3), 167-180.‏ https://doi.org/10.29140/jaltcall.v16n3.388

Lv, Z., Yin, T., Zhang, X., Song, H., & Chen, G. (2016). Virtual reality smart city based on WebVRGIS. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 3(6), 1015-1024.‏ https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2016.2546307

Martín-Gutiérrez, J., Mora, C. E., Añorbe-Díaz, B., & González-Marrero, A. (2017). Virtual technologies trends in education. Eurasia journal of mathematics, science and technology education, 13(2), 469-486.‏ https://doi.org/10.12973/eurasia.2017.00626a

Masci, C., Johnes, G., & Agasisti, T. (2018). Student and school performance across countries: A machine learning approach. European Journal of Operational Research, 269(3), 1072-1085.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2018.02.031

Mittal, S., Khan, M. A., Romero, D., & Wuest, T. (2019). Smart manufacturing: Characteristics, technologies and enabling factors. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture, 233(5), 1342-1361.‏ https://doi.org/10.1177/0954405417736547

Ninoriya, S., Chawan, P. M., & Meshram, B. B. (2011). CMS, LMS and LCMS for elearning. International Journal of Computer Science Issues (IJCSI), 8(2), 644.‏

Odrekhivskyy, M., Pasichnyk, V., Rzheuskyi, A., Andrunyk, V., Nazaruk, M., Kunanets, O., & Tabachyshyn, D. (2019). Problems of the Intelligent Virtual Learning Environment Development. MoMLeT, 2019, 359-369.‏

Oproiu, G. C. (2015). A study about using e-learning platform (Moodle) in university teaching process. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 180, 426-432.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.02.140

Picciano, A. G. (2012). The Evolution of Big Data and Learning Analytics in American Higher Education. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 16, 9-20. https://doi.org/10.24059/olj.v16i3.267

Potkonjak, V., Gardner, M., Callaghan, V., Mattila, P., Guetl, C., Petrović, V. M., & Jovanović, K. (2016). Virtual laboratories for education in science, technology, and engineering: A review. Computers & Education, 95, 309-327.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2016.02.002

Rivas, A., Gonzalez-Briones, A., Hernandez, G., Prieto, J., & Chamoso, P. (2021). Artificial neural network analysis of the academic performance of students in virtual learning environments. Neurocomputing, 423, 713-720.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2020.02.125

Sälzer, C., & Roczen, N. (2018). Assessing global competence in PISA 2018: Challenges and approaches to capturing a complex construct. International Journal of Development Education and Global Learning, 10(1), 5–20.‏ https://doi.org/10.18546/ijdegl.10.1.02

Setiawan, R., Devadass, M. M. V., Rajan, R., Sharma, D. K., Singh, N. P., Amarendra, K., ... & Sengan, S. (2022). IoT based virtual E-learning system for sustainable development of smart cities. Journal of Grid Computing, 20(3), 24.‏ https://doi.org/10.1007/s10723-022-09616-z

Siemens, G. (2013). Learning Analytics: The Emergence of a Discipline. American Behavioral Scientist, 57, 1380-1400. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764213498851

Sobaih, A. E. E., Moustafa, M. A., Ghandforoush, P., & Khan, M. (2016). To use or not to use? Social media in higher education in developing countries. Computers in Human Behavior, 58, 296-305.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.01.002

Srivastava, K., Das, R. C., & Chaudhury, S. (2014). Virtual reality applications in mental health: Challenges and perspectives. Industrial psychiatry journal, 23(2), 83-85.‏ https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-6748.151666

Szabo, M. (2002). Cmi theory and practice: Historical roots of learning managment systems. In E-Learn: World Conference on E-Learning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare, and Higher Education (pp. 929-936). Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE).‏

Watson, W. R., & Watson, S. L. (2007). An argument for clarity: What are learning management systems, what are they not, and what should they become?. TechTrends, 51, 28-34.‏

Xanthidis, D., Wali, S. W., & Nikolaidis, P. (2013). E-Learning in Saudi Universities, Challenges and Issues. International Conference on E-Learning Best Practices in Management, Design and Development of e-Courses: Standards of Excellence and Creativity, Manama, Bahrain, 7-9 May 2013, 473-47. https://doi.org/10.1109/econf.2013.72

Yusufu, G., & Nathan, N. (2020, March). A novel model of smart education for the development of smart university system. In 2020 International conference in mathematics, computer engineering and computer science (ICMCECS), (1-5). IEEE.‏ https://doi.org/10.1109/icmcecs47690.2020.240912