Abstract

Conclusion. The IPAS module integrating Bebubus local wisdom is valid, practical, and moderately effective in fostering students’ critical thinking. Embedding indigenous knowledge into formal education enhances cultural relevance, supports contextual understanding, and contributes to educational equity. This framework offers a replicable model for integrating local traditions into science curricula.

Keywords: Bebubus tradition, critical thinking, culturally responsive pedagogy, IPAS module, local wisdom

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