Abstract

Implications for Research and Practice. The study provides evidence-based guidance for curriculum reform, continuing professional development, and workplace-based assessment. By integrating critical thinking competencies into training frameworks, Thai medical education can better prepare GPs to meet the demands of modern practice.

Keywords: Critical Thinking Skills, General Practitioners, Needs Assessment, Priority Needs Index (PNI), Thailand

Al-Ismail, M. S., Naseralallah, L. M., Hussain, T. A., Stewart, D., Alkhiyami, D., Abu Rasheed, H. M., ... & Nazar, Z. (2023). Learning needs assessments in continuing professional development: A scoping review. Medical Teacher, 45(2), 203-211. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2022.2126756

Arif, R. N. H. (2024). Assessment of critical thinking ability in science learning using Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal (WGCTA). ARRUS Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 4(2), 270-275. https://doi.org/10.35877/soshum2599

Azmi, R. H. U., & Kurniawan, R. Y. (2025). Empowering student critical thinking skills: How guided inquiry enhances critical skills in economics. Journal Eduscience, 12(1), 37-49. https://jurnal.ulb.ac.id/index.php/eduscience/article/view/6560

Bisbal, G. A., & Eaton, M. J. (2023). Considering science needs to deliver actionable science. Conservation Biology, 37(1), e14013. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.14013

Boonmak, P., Suraseranivongse, S., Pattaravit, N., Boonmak, S., Jirativanont, T., Lertbunnaphong, T., ... & Wittayachamnankul, B. (2022). Simulation-based medical education in Thailand: a cross-sectional online national survey. BMC Medical Education, 22(1), 298. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-022-03369-9

Chainut, A., Suwanjan, P., Pupat, P., & Pimdee, P. (2019). Needs assessment for the global-mindedness of vocational certificate students under the Office of the Vocational Education Commission. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 10(2), 25 – 33. https://doi.org/10.2478/mjss-2019-0020

Chaisuwan, C., Kelly, K., Kelman, G. B., & Continelli, T. (2021). The relationship between cultural values and critical thinking dispositions, and their differences among nursing students in Thailand and the United States. Pacific Rim International Journal of Nursing Research, 25(2), 199-212. https://he02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/PRIJNR/article/view/242571

Chanyawudhiwan, G., Mingsiritham, K., & Brahmawong, W. (2023). An analysis of digital competencies of the digital open universities. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 44(4), 1101-1108. https://tinyurl.com/3uezk3uy

Chimnoy, W., Xupravati, P., & Siribanpitak, P. (2023). Academic management strategies of private elementary schools based on the concept of quality citizenship attributes in the 21st century. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 44(4), 1039-1050. https://doi.org/10.34044/j.kjss.2023.44.4.08

Choomsri, C., & Chansirisira, P. (2023). The smart school development model in the digital age under the Office of the Basic Education Commission. Journal of Multidisciplinary in Humanities and Social Sciences, 6(3), 1419-1436. https://tinyurl.com/48f95tnu

Civaner, M. M., Uncu, Y., Bulut, F., Chalil, E. G., & Tatli, A. (2022). Artificial intelligence in medical education: A cross-sectional needs assessment. BMC Medical Education, 22(1), 772. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-022-03852-3

Dadelo, S. (2025). Possibilities for evaluation to foster the soft skills of critical thinking, creativity, and communication in higher education. Creativity Studies, 18(1), 13-29. https://doi.org/10.3846/cs.2025.20943

Daengneam, B., Deebhijarn, S., & Saengnoree, A. (2023). Integrative medicine and health training for Thai GPs (GP): A SEM analysis. Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice, 23(1), 76-89. https://doi.org/10.33423/jhetp.v23i1.5783

Facione, P. A., Facione, N. C., & Gittens, C. A. (2020). What the data tell us about human reasoning. In Critical thinking and reasoning (pp. 272-297). Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004444591_016

Facione, P., & Gittens, C. A. (2020). Think Critically (4th ed.). Pearson. 

Falcó‐Pegueroles, A., Rodríguez‐Martín, D., Ramos‐Pozón, S., & Zuriguel‐Pérez, E. (2021). Critical thinking in nursing clinical practice, education, and research: From attitudes to virtue. Nursing Philosophy, 22(1), e12332. https://doi.org/10.1111/nup.12332

Gambrill, E. (2006). Critical thinking in clinical practice: Improving the quality of judgments and decisions. John Wiley & Sons.

Gültepe, N., & Kiliç, Z. (2021). The effects of scientific argumentation on high school students' critical thinking skills. International Journal of Progressive Education, 17(6), 183-200. http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1328255.pdf

Haque, M., Yousuf, R., Baker, S. A., & Salam, A. (2013). Assessment in undergraduate medical education: Bangladesh perspectives. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science, 12(4), 357-363. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v12i4.16658

Hongcharoen, T. (2020). The priority needs of school management in the special economic zone, Sa Kaeo Province, based on the student desirable characteristics. Educational Management and Innovation Journal, 3(1), 40-60. https://tinyurl.com/5t2eb2md

Huhn, K. (2024). The role of standardized tests in assessing clinical reasoning and critical thinking. In G. Musolino, G. Jensen (Eds.) Clinical Reasoning and Decision Making in Physical Therapy (pp. 193-197). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003523130

Irwanto, I., Suryani, E., & Cahyani, T. S. (2024). Improving students’ critical thinking skills using guided inquiry with problem-solving process. International Journal of Religion, 5(6), 243-251. http://dx.doi.org/10.61707/917r2021

Kurniawan, D. A., & Nawahdani, A. M. (2022). Scientific learning model: analytical thinking and process skills in mathematics. Journal of Education Research and Evaluation, 6(3), 538-549. https://doi.org/10.23887/jere.v6i3.49159

Lau, J. Y. (2024). Revisiting the origin of critical thinking. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 56(7), 724-733. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131857.2024.2320199

Lertrattananon, D., Limsawart, W., Dellow, A., & Pugsley, H. (2019). Does medical training in Thailand prepare doctors for work in community hospitals? An analysis of critical incidents. Human Resources for Health, 17(1), 62. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-019-0399-8

Lertsakulbunlue, S., Thammasoon, K., & Kantiwong, A. (2025). Reliability and validity of simulation-based Electrocardiogram assessment rubrics for cardiac life support skills among medical students using generalizability theory. Medical Education Online, 30(1), 2479962. https://doi.org/10.1080/10872981.2025.2479962

Macauley, K., Brudvig, T. J., Kadakia, M., & Bonneville, M. (2017). Systematic review of assessments that evaluate clinical decision making, clinical reasoning, and critical thinking changes after simulation participation. Journal of Physical Therapy Education, 31(4), 64-75. https://doi.org/10.1097/JTE.0000000000000011

Majumder, M. A. A., Sa, B., Alateeq, F. A., & Rahman, S. (2019). Teaching and assessing critical thinking and clinical reasoning skills in medical education. In Handbook of research on critical thinking and teacher education pedagogy (pp. 213-233). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7829-1.ch012

Mason, H. M., Seidu, A. A., Albert, F. A., Anderson, E., Alele, F. O., McArthur, M., ... & Malau-Aduli, B. S. (2025). Utility of advanced training skills among GPs: a systematic review. Rural and Remote Health, 25(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3316/informit.T2025041000005300018611131

Mei, A., Gao, D., Jiang, J., Qiao, T., Wang, F., & Li, D. (2022). The medical education systems in China and Thailand: A comparative study. Health Science Reports, 5(6), e826. https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.826

Miller, R., Liu, K., Crowley, C. B., & Yu, M. (2024). Critical thinking for transformative praxis in teacher education: Music, media and information literacy, and social studies in the United States. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 56(8), 801-814. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131857.2023.2286884

Naamati-Schneider, L., & Alt, D. (2024). Technology and competency-oriented learning: effective methods for training the next cohort of healthcare managers. Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-5771-8

Noyes, J., Booth, A., Moore, G., Flemming, K., Tunçalp, Ö., & Shakibazadeh, E. (2019). Synthesising quantitative and qualitative evidence to inform guidelines on complex interventions: clarifying the purposes, designs and outlining some methods. BMJ Global Health, 4(Suppl 1), e000893. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-000893

Palavan, Ö. (2020). The effect of critical thinking education on preservice teachers' critical thinking skills and dispositions. Educational Research and Reviews, 15(10), 606-627. http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1274331.pdf

Peechapol, C., Na-Songkhla, J., Sujiva, S., & Luangsodsai, A. (2018). An exploration of factors influencing self-efficacy in online learning: A systematic review. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (Online), 13(9), 64. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v13i09.8351

Pengpid, S., & Peltzer, K. (2021). Chronic conditions, multimorbidity, and quality of life among patients attending monk healers and primary care clinics in Thailand. Health and quality of life outcomes, 19(1), 61.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-021-01707-x

Phetthong, P. (2022). The participation in academic administration of administrators and teachers engaged in schools of the Association Committee under the Secondary Education Service Area at Surat Thani, Chumphon. Journal of Academic and Innovation in Social, 4(2), 43-60. https://tinyurl.com/5n99ebbp

Pimdee, P., Sukkamart, A., Nantha, C., Kantathanawat, T., & Leekitchwatana, P. (2024). Enhancing Thai student-teacher problem-solving skills and academic achievement through a blended problem-based learning approach in online flipped classrooms. Heliyon, 10(7), e29172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29172

Pimdee, P., Wuttikamonchai, O., Sukkamart, A., Meedee, C., & Meekhobtong, S. (2025). Improving Thai undergraduate students’ web design skills for smartphones through a collaborative blended learning approach. Frontiers in Education, 10, 1522793. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1522793

Pramonojati, S., Carella, D. N., Fitriyah, W. D., & Sari, I. Y. K. (2020, May). Students’ critical thinking in writing background of research. In International Conference on English Language Teaching (ICONELT 2019) (pp. 304-308). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200427.061

Reale, M. C., Riche, D. M., Witt, B. A., Baker, W. L., & Peeters, M. J. (2018). Development of critical thinking in health professions education: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning, 10(7), 826-833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cptl.2018.04.019

Ross, D., Morros, M., & Violato, E. (2020). The critical thinking skills of practicing family physicians: A population-based cross-sectional study. Family Medicine, 52(9), 635-641. https://doi.org/10.22454/FamMed.2020.149506

Sarraju, V., Pal, J., & Kamilya, S. (2024, May). SRS: Gender-based heart disease prediction using stratified random sampling approach. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 3164, No. 1, p. 020005). AIP Publishing LLC. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0216559

Schick-Makaroff, K., MacDonald, M., Plummer, M., Burgess, J., & Neander, W. (2016). What synthesis methodology should I use? A review and analysis of approaches to research synthesis. AIMS Public Health, 3(1), 172. https://doi.org/10.3934/publichealth.2016.1.172

Scott, I. A., Hubbard, R. E., Crock, C., Campbell, T., & Perera, M. (2021). Developing critical thinking skills for delivering optimal care. Internal Medicine Journal, 51(4), 488-493. https://doi.org/10.1111/imj.15272

Sireerat, K., Seki, N., Akiyama, M., Kinoshita, A., & Morio, I. (2022). Critical thinking disposition among Thai dental students. Journal of Dental Education, 86(8), 968-975. https://doi.org/10.1002/jdd.12913

Sireerat, K., Seki, N., Foxton, R., Liao, S. R., Akiyama, M., Sangouam, S., & Morio, I. (2025). A study of critical thinking skills among Thai dental students: From disposition to skills assessment. Journal of Dental Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jds.2025.02.005

Sriwisathiyakun, K. (2024). Crafting digital micro-storytelling for smarter Thai youth: A novel approach to boost digital intelligence quotient. Journal of Information Technology Education: Innovations in Practice, 23, Article 4. https://doi.org/10.28945/5273

Sriwisathiyakun, K. (2024). A MOOC-integrated design thinking model for hearing-impaired learners. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 23, Article 23. https://doi.org/10.28945/5368

Sornsenee, P., Limsomwong, P., Vichitkunakorn, P. et al. (2024). Assessing the interplay of presentation and competency in online video examinations: a focus on health system science education. BMC Medical Education, 24, 842. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-024-05808-1

Syah, N. A., Roberts, C., Jones, A., Trevena, L., & Kumar, K. (2015). Perceptions of Indonesian general practitioners in maintaining standards of medical practice at a time of health reform. Family practice, 32(5), 584-590. https://doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmv057

Tambunan, E. H., Simbolon, I., & Rantung, J. (2024). A systematic review on higher-order thinking skills, analyzing, evaluating, and creating in nursing education. Jurnal Keperawatan Respati Yogyakarta, 11(3), 117-â. https://nursingjurnal.respati.ac.id/index.php/JKRY/article/view/790

Thampi, K. P. P. S., & Yongsorn, C. (2023). Developing critical thinking skills and dispositions among higher education students in Thailand. (Doctoral dissertation, Srinakharinwirot University). Thailand. http://ir-ithesis.swu.ac.th/dspace/bitstream/123456789/2607/1/gs611150067.pdf

Thampi, K. P. P. S., Ponathong, C., & Yongsorn, C. (2024). Critical thinking skills and dispositions: Perceptions of higher education students in Thailand. Journal of Education and Innovation, 26(3), 153-167. https://tinyurl.com/mrxbkvxc

Tuangratananon, T., Julchoo, S., Phaiyarom, M., Panichkriangkrai, W., Pudpong, N., Patcharanarumol, W., & Tangcharoensathien, V. (2021). Healthcare providers' perspectives on integrating NCDs into primary healthcare in Thailand: a mixed-method study. Health Research Policy and Systems, 19(1), 139. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-021-00791-1

Ussarn, A., Pimdee, P., & Kantathanawat, T. (2022). Needs assessment to promote the digital literacy among students in Thai community colleges. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 11(3), 1278 – 1284. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v11i3.23218

Wong, G. S., & Abdullah, N. S. (2025). Job readiness level to address 4.0 Skills: An empirical study on TVET students in electrical and electronics field. Journal of Technical Education and Training, 17(1), 62-76. https://tinyurl.com/47573mm8

Wongwanich, S., & Wiratchai, N. (2005). A follow-up and evaluation of the government educational reform results based on the state fundamental policy and the national act. Journal of Research Methodology, 18(1), 93 – 124.

Yurayat, P., & Seechaliao, T. (2021). Needs Assessment to Develop Online Counseling Program. International Education Studies, 14(7), 59-71. https://tinyurl.com/y4ypty9s