Volume 17 (2025) Download Cover Page

Factors Influencing STEAM Teaching at Private Schools in Vietnam: A Case Study of Ho Chi Minh City

Article Number: e2025340  |  Available Online: July 2025  |  DOI: 10.22521/edupij.2025.17.340

Tan Dat Truong , Quoc Giang Tran

Abstract

Background/purpose. STEAM integrates Arts into STEM to foster creativity, critical thinking, and problem‐solving. Private schools in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, have pioneered STEAM; however, the drivers of effective implementation and their impacts on engagement, product quality, and evaluation remain underexplored. This study examines the key inputs that shape STEAM delivery and their impact on program outcomes.

Materials/Methods. Using a sequential explanatory mixed-methods design (QUAN → QUAL), we surveyed 480 participants, including 330 teachers, 40 administrators, 50 students, and 60 parents, in ten private schools with a 35-item Likert scale questionnaire (1 = “Strongly Disagree” to 5 = “Strongly Agree”). The questionnaire addressed six factors: five inputs (teacher competence & attitude, infrastructure & tools, curriculum & methods, organizational support & policy, learner & parent engagement) and one outcome (“STEAM implementation level”), with Cronbach’s α ≥ 0.79. Analyses included Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Follow-up semi-structured interviews with 20 purposively selected participants added contextual insight.

Results. All input domains significantly predicted STEAM implementation (p < 0.01). Administrators rated resources, policies, and teacher readiness more positively than teachers and students, exposing gaps in arts integration, collaboration, and digital tool use. Students and parents reported lower engagement and satisfaction. Qualitative themes highlighted the need for sustained professional development, flexible infrastructure, adaptive curricula, transparent policies, and structured parent involvement.

Conclusion. While private schools in Ho Chi Minh City have robust STEAM foundations, bridging stakeholder confidence and perception divides is essential. A holistic framework aligning targeted teacher support, dynamic infrastructure, flexible curricula, clear policies, and proactive parent engagement will enhance STEAM’s effectiveness, sustainability, and scalability in Vietnam.

Keywords: STEAM education, private secondary schools, Ho Chi Minh City-Vietnam, implementation factors, professional development

References

Aguilera, D., & Ortiz-Revilla, J. (2021). STEM vs. STEAM education and student creativity: A systematic literature review. Education Sciences, 11(7), 331. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11070331

Areljung, S., & Günther-Hanssen, A. (2022). STEAM education: An opportunity to transcend gender and disciplinary norms in early childhood? Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 23(4), 500-503. https://doi.org/10.1177/14639491211051434

Anderson, N. (2021). A systematic review of STEAM education research: Comparing American and Korean studies. Academia Letters, 2. https://doi.org/10.20935/AL1039

Bass, K. M., Hu Dahl, I., & Panahandeh, S. (2016). Designing the game: How a project-based media production program approaches STEAM career readiness for underrepresented young adults. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 25(6), 1009-1024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10956-016-9631-7

Belbase, S., Mainali, B. R., Kasemsukpipat, W., Tairab, H., Gochoo, M., & Jarrah, A. (2022). At the dawn of Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics (STEAM) education: Prospects, priorities, processes, and problems. International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, 53(11), 2919-2955. https://doi.org/10.1080/0020739X.2021.1922943

Boice, K. L., Alemdar, M., Jackson, J. R., Kessler, T. C., Choi, J., Grossman, S., & Usselman, M. (2024). Exploring teachers’ understanding and implementation of STEAM: One size does not fit all. Frontiers in Education, 9, Article 1401191. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2024.1401191

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa

Burnard, P., Colucci-Gray, L., & Sinha, P. (2021). Transdisciplinarity: Letting arts and science teach together. Curriculum Perspectives, 41(1), 113-118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41297-020-00128-y

Bush, S. B., Cook, K. L., Edelen, D., & Cox, R. (2020). Elementary students’ STEAM perceptions: Extending frames of reference through transformative learning experiences. The Elementary School Journal, 120(4), 692–714. https://doi.org/10.1086/708642

Bush, S. B., & Cook, K. L. (2019). Structuring STEAM inquiries: Lessons learned from practice. In M. S. Khine & S. Areepattamannil (Eds.), STEAM education (pp. 19-35). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04003-1_2

Bui, T., Tran, T., Nguyen, T., Nguyen-Thi, L., Tran, V., Dang, U. P., Nguyen, M., & Hoang, A. (2023). Dataset of Vietnamese preschool teachers’ readiness towards implementing STEAM activities and projects. Data in Brief, 46, 108821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2022.108821

Bui, V. H., Phan, N. T. P., & Nguyen, Q. T. (2021). Developing a STEM teaching competency training program for lower secondary technology teachers. Journal of Education, 511, 31-34. https://tcgd.tapchigiaoduc.edu.vn/index.php/tapchi/article/view/241

Bui, V. H., Phan, N. T. P., & Nguyen, Q. T. (2023). Current status of STEM teaching for upper secondary students in Ho Chi Minh City. Journal of Education, 23(3), 31-35. https://tcgd.tapchigiaoduc.edu.vn/index.php/tapchi/article/view/640

Çalışkan, İ., & Erol, M. (2025). STEAM model based criteria development in national and global science education politics. Journal of Baltic Science Education, 24(1), 19–36. https://doi.org/10.33225/jbse/25.24.19

Chen, C.J., Huang, Y.M., Chang, C.Y., & Liu, Y.C. (2018). Exploring the learning effectiveness of STEAM education of flying and assembly of drone. In Proceedings of the 2018 Seventh International Conference of Educational Innovation through Technology (pp. 63-67). IEEE.

Chu, C. T. (2016). Lessons from the STEM festival and open mathematics day in Vietnam: Implications for teacher training. Journal of Science, Hanoi National University of Education, 61(10), 195-201.

Colucci-Gray, L., Burnard, P., Gray, D., & Cooke, C. (2019). A critical review of STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics). In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Education (pp. 1-26). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.013.398

Çiftçi, A., Topçu, S. M., & Foulk, A. J. (2022). Pre-service early childhood teachers’ views on STEM education and their STEM teaching practices. Research in Science & Technological Education, 40(2), 207-233. https://doi.org/10.1080/02635143.2020.1784125

Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2011). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (2nd ed.). Sage Publications.

Darling-Hammond, L., Flook, L., Cook-Harvey, C., Barron, B., & Osher, D. (2020). Implications for educational practice of the science of learning and development. Applied Developmental Science, 24(2), 97-140. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888691.2018.1537791

Dinh, L. T. (2021). Difficulties in implementing STEAM education model at the Northern mountainous preschool in Vietnam. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1835(1), Article 012020. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1835/1/012020

Duong, N. H., Nam, N. H., & Trung, T. T. (2024). Factors affecting the implementation of STEAM education among primary school teachers in various countries and Vietnamese educators: comparative analysis. Education 3-13, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004279.2024.2318239

Díaz-Noguera, M. D. (2019). Gender attitudes of pre-service teachers to innovation in STE(A)M. In Proceedings of INTED2019 (pp. 9926-9930). IATED. https://doi.org/10.21125/inted.2019.2484

English, L. D. (2017). Advancing elementary and middle school STEM education. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 15(S1), 5-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10763-017-9802-x

El-Sabaa, F. M. F., Alshimaa Abdelbasit, M., & Zakria, S. K. (2017). The qualitative and quantitative methods of Kovalevsky’s case. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics, 5(9). https://doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2017.59155

Espigares-Gámez, M. J., Fernández-Oliveras, A., & Contreras, M. L. O. (2020). Games as STEAM learning enhancers: Application of traditional Jamaican games in early childhood and primary intercultural education. Acta Scientiae, 22(4), 28-50. https://doi.org/10.17648/acta.scientiae.6019

Fernández-Oliveras, A., Espigares-Gámez, M. J., & Oliveras, M. L. (2021). Implementation of a playful microproject based on traditional games for working on mathematical and scientific content. Education Sciences, 11(10), 624. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11100624

Guenaga, M., Mentxaka, I., Garaizar, P., Eguiluz, A., Villagrasa, S., & Navarro, I. (2017). Make world, a collaborative platform to develop computational thinking and STEAM. In P. Zaphiris & A. Ioannou (Eds.), Learning and Collaboration Technologies: Technology in Education—4th International Conference, LCT 2017 (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 10296, pp. 50–59). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58515-4_5

Guyotte, K. W. (2020). Toward a philosophy of STEAM in the Anthropocene. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 52(7), 769-779. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131857.2019.1690989

Halverson, E., & Sawyer, K. (2022). Learning in and through the arts. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 31(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508406.2022.2029127

Haynes, S. N., Richard, D. C. S., & Kubany, E. S. (1995). Content validity in psychological assessment: A functional approach to concepts and methods. Psychological Assessment, 7(3), 238-247. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.238

Herro, D., & Quigley, C. (2017). Exploring teachers’ perceptions of STEAM teaching through professional development: Implications for teacher educators. Professional Development in Education, 43(3), 416-438. https://doi.org/10.1080/19415257.2016.1205507

Herro, D., Quigley, C., & Cian, H. (2019). The challenges of STEAM instruction: Lessons from the field. Action in Teacher Education, 41(2), 172–190. https://doi.org/10.1080/01626620.2018.1551159

Ho, C. T. (2022). The application of STEAM teaching: A case study of STEAM teachers’ beliefs and practice at secondary schools in Ho Chi Minh city. VNUHCM Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 6(SI), 42-51. https://doi.org/10.32508/stdjssh.v6iSI.796

Ho, N. T. T., & Pham, A. T. V. (2022). Perceptions of Vietnamese lecturers and administrators on STEAM competence and developing students’ competences in STEAM education. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Distance Education and Learning (ICDEL ’22) (pp. 233–237). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3543321.3543360

Ho, T. T. H. (2019). Introduction to basic features of STEM education models in some countries. Journal of Education (Special Issue 10), 325-328.

Hoang, T. T. (2023). STEM, STEAM and STREAM education from the world and Vietnam perspectives. Vietnam Journal of Educational Sciences. https://doi.org/10.15625/2615-8957/12310311

Johnston, K., Kervin, L., & Wyeth, P. (2022). STEM, STEAM and makerspaces in early childhood: A scoping review. Sustainability, 14(20), 13533. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013533

Jurado, E., Fonseca, D., Coderch, J., & Canaleta, X. (2020). Social STEAM learning at an early age with robotic platforms: A case study in four schools in Spain. Sensors, 20(13), 3698. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20133698

Kang, N. H. (2019). A review of the effect of integrated STEM or STEAM education in South Korea. Asia-Pacific Science Education, 5(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41029-019-0034-y

Kelley, T. R., & Knowles, J. G. (2016). A conceptual framework for integrated STEM education. International Journal of STEM Education, 3(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-016-0046-z

Kim, B. H., & Kim, J. (2016). Development and Validation of Evaluation Indicators for Teaching Competency in STEAM Education in Korea. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 12(7), 1909-1924. https://doi.org/10.12973/eurasia.2016.1537a

Kim, D., & Bolger, M. (2017). Analysis of Korean elementary pre-service teachers’ changing attitudes about integrated STEAM pedagogy through developing lesson plans. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 15(4), 587-605. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10763-015-9709-3

Krüger Mariano, W., & Chiappe, A. (2021). Habilidades del siglo XXI y entornos de aprendizaje STEAM: una revisión. Revista de Educación a Distancia (RED), 21(68). https://doi.org/10.6018/red.470461

Lage-Gómez, C., & Ros, G. (2021). Transdisciplinary integration and its implementation in primary education through two STEAM projects. Journal for the Study of Education & Development, 44(4), 801-837. https://doi.org/10.1080/02103702.2021.1925473

Lage-Gómez, C., & Ros, G. (2023). How transdisciplinary integration, creativity and student motivation interact in three STEAM projects for gifted education? Gifted Education International, 39(2), 247-262. https://doi.org/10.1177/02614294231167744

Land, M. H. (2013). Full STEAM ahead: The benefits of integrating the arts into STEM. Procedia Computer Science, 20, 547-552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2013.09.317

Liao, C. (2016). From interdisciplinary to transdisciplinary: An arts-integrated approach to STEAM education. Art Education, 69(6), 44-49. https://doi.org/10.1080/00043125.2016.1224873

Marín-Marín, J. A., Moreno-Guerrero, A. J., Dúo-Terrón, P., & López-Belmonte, J. (2021). STEAM in education: A bibliometric analysis of performance and co-words in Web of Science. International Journal of STEM Education, 8, 41. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-021-00296-x

Menacho, A., Plaza, P., Sancristóbal, E., Perez-Molina, C., Blazquez, M., & Castro, M. (2021). Halloween educational robotics. IEEE Transactions on Education, 64(4), 406-412. https://doi.org/10.1109/TE.2021.3066891

Moher, D., Shamseer, L., Clarke, M., Ghersi, D., Liberati, A., Petticrew, M., & Stewart, L. A. (2015). Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Systematic Reviews, 4(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/2046-4053-4-1

Ministry of Education and Training. (2018). National general education curriculum framework (Circular No. 32/2018/TT-BGDĐT).

Ministry of Education and Training. (2019). Official dispatch on implementing STEM education in upper secondary schools (Dispatch No. 3089/BGDĐT-GDTrH, August 14, 2020).

Ng, A., Kewalramani, S., & Kidman, G. (2022). Integrating and navigating STEAM (InSTEAM) in early childhood education: An integrative review and InSTEAM conceptual framework. EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 18(7), e2133. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/12174

Nguyen, M. T., Ha, T. A., Mai, H. A., Vu, K. T. T., & Nguyen, M. Q. (2025). Factors affecting preschool teachers' implementation of STEAM activities: A quantitative study in Vietnam. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 11, 101227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.101227

Ortega-Torres, E. (2022). Training of future STEAM teachers: Comparison between primary degree students and secondary master’s degree students. Journal of Technology and Science Education, 12(2), 484-495. https://doi.org/10.3926/jotse.1319

Ortiz‑Revilla, J., Greca, I. M., & Meneses‑Villagrá, J. Á. (2021). Effects of an integrated STEAM approach on the development of competence in primary education students (“Efectos de una propuesta STEAM integrada en el desarrollo competencial del alumnado de Educación Primaria”). Infancia y Aprendizaje, 44(4), 838–870. https://doi.org/10.1080/02103702.2021.1925473

Perignat, E., & Katz-Buonincontro, J. (2019). STEAM in practice and research: An integrative literature review. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 31, 31-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2018.10.002

Pham, V. X., Mai, M. Q., Phan, P. T. K., Tran, T. T. T., Dang, D. T. T., & Nguyen, N. V. S. (2025). STEAM and the innovation of art teacher education in Vietnamese pedagogical universities in the digital era. International Journal of Computational and Experimental Science and Engineering, 11(3), 4154–4159. https://doi.org/10.22399/ijcesen.2712

Pham, T. T. H., & Tran, T. H. (2025). Literature review of STEM/STEAM teaching in Vietnam. VNU Journal of Science: Education Research. https://doi.org/10.25073/2588-1159/vnuer.5250

Potvin, J., Chappell, K., Balestracci, K., Greene, G. W., Sweetman, S., & Amin, S. (2023). Formative evaluation of a STEAM and nutrition education summer program for low-income youth. Evaluation and Program Planning, 97, 102255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2023.102255

Quigley, C. F., Herro, D., King, E., & Plank, H. (2020). STEAM designed and enacted: Understanding the process of design and implementation of STEAM curriculum in an elementary school. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 29(4), 499-518. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10956-020-09832-w

Ramey, K. E., & Stevens, R. (2023). Dilemmas experienced by teachers in adapting to the role of facilitator in the STEAM classroom. Teaching and Teacher Education, 133, 104271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2023.104271

Ryan, S., Walsh, E., & Liston, M. (2025). “The Parents Were Brilliant!” Engaging parents in STEM learning: Insights from preservice teachers’ field experience. Social Sciences, 14(4), 215. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14040215

Santi, K., Sholeh, S. M., Rahmayanti, F., Alatas, H., Ichsan, I. Z., & Rahman, M. M. (2021). STEAM in environment and science education: Analysis and bibliometric mapping of the research literature (2013-2020). Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1796(1), 012097. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1796/1/012097

Shively, K., Hitchens, C., & Hitchens, N. (2021). Teaching severe weather: Examining teacher candidates’ early field experience in a makerspace environment. Journal of Education, 201(3), 198-209. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022057420908061

Spyropoulou, N., & Kameas, A. (2024). Augmenting the impact of STEAM education by developing a competence framework for STEAM educators for effective teaching and learning. Education Sciences, 14(1), 25. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14010025

Su, J., & Yang, W. (2024). STEM in early childhood education: A bibliometric analysis. Research in Science & Technological Education, 42(4), 1020-1041. https://doi.org/10.1080/02635143.2023.2201673

Su, J., Yim, I. H. Y., Wegerif, R., & Chu, K. W. S. (2024). STEAM in early childhood education: A scoping review. Research in Science & Technological Education. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/02635143.2023.2296445

Tashakkori, M. A., & Teddlie, B. C. (2008). Mixed Methodology: Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Sage Publications.

Tran, V. N., & Le, N. T. U. (2024). Factors affecting kindergarten teachers' self-efficacy in organizing scientific discovery activities using inquiry-based methods. Journal of Educational Sciences, 69(4A), 25–36. https://doi.org/10.18173/2354-1075.2024-0077

Uştu, H., Saito, T., & Mentiş Taş, A. (2022). Integration of art into STEM education at primary schools: An action research study with primary school teachers. Systemic Practice and Action Research, 35(2), 253-274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11213-021-09570-z

Vicente, F. R., Zapatera Llinares, Á., & Montes Sanchez, N. (2021). Curriculum analysis and design, implementation, and validation of a STEAM project through educational robotics in primary education. Computer Applications in Engineering Education, 29(1), 160-174. https://doi.org/10.1002/cae.22373

Wahyuningsih, S., Nurjanah, N. E., Rasmani, U. E. E., Hafidah, R., Pudyaningtyas, A. R., & Syamsuddin, M. M. (2020). STEAM learning in early childhood education: A literature review. International Journal of Pedagogy and Teacher Education, 4(1), 33-44. https://doi.org/10.20961/ijpte.v4i1.39855

White, D., & Delaney, S. (2021). Full STEAM ahead, but who has the map? A PRISMA systematic review on the incorporation of interdisciplinary learning into schools. LUMAT: International Journal on Math, Science and Technology Education, 9(2), 9-32. https://doi.org/10.31129/LUMAT.9.2.1387

Yakman, G., & Lee, H. J. (2012). Exploring the exemplary STEAM education in the US as a practical educational framework for Korea. Journal of the Korean Association for Science Education, 32(6), 1072-1086. https://doi.org/10.14697/jkase.2012.32.6.1072

Yim, I. H. Y. (2024a). A critical review of teaching and learning artificial intelligence (AI) literacy: Developing an intelligence-based AI literacy framework for primary school education. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 7, 100319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100319

Yim, I. H. Y. (2024b). Artificial intelligence literacy in primary education: An arts-based approach to overcoming age and gender barriers. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 7, 100321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100321

Yim, I. H. Y., & Su, J. (2024). Artificial intelligence (AI) learning tools in K-12 education: A scoping review. Journal of Computers in Education. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40692-023-00304-9