Volume 14 (2025) Download Cover Page

Students’ Perceptions and Applications of Metacognitive Awareness Levels in Problem Solving with ChatGPT

Article Number: e2025063  |  Published Online: February 2025  |  DOI: 10.22521/edupij.2025.14.63

Ahsen Filiz , Hülya Gür

Abstract

Background/purpose. Background/purpose. This study aims to examine the impact of prospective mathematics teachers' metacognitive awareness on their perceptions and applications of ChatGPT in problem-solving processes. The research investigates how these prospective mathematics teachers perceive and utilize ChatGPT, focusing on the relationship between their metacognitive awareness levels and the use of artificial intelligence tools.

Materials/methods. The study utilizes both qualitative and quantitative research methods. In the quantitative phase, data was collected from 42 prospective mathematics teachers through a survey, exploring how their metacognitive awareness levels impacted their use of ChatGPT in solving mathematical problems. The qualitative phase involved in-depth interviews with four prospective teachers to gain detailed insights into their perceptions and practical applications of ChatGPT in problem-solving.

Results. The findings of this study give valuable results on the intersection of metacognitive awareness and artificial intelligence in education. By understanding how prospective mathematics teachers use ChatGPT, the research provides to the development of more effective pedagogical strategies for leveraging AI tools in teacher education. The study emphasizes the importance of professional development to help educators navigate the complexities of AI tool implementation in teaching and learning, ultimately enhancing problem-solving skills among future mathematics teachers.

Conclusion. The study demonstrates that ChatGPT can significantly enhance prospective mathematics teachers' metacognitive awareness and problem-solving strategies. ChatGPT can improve teaching practices and foster more effective problem-solving approaches in mathematics education by providing rapid feedback and supporting strategic thinking.

Keywords: Metacognitive awareness, ChatGPT usage, problem-solving, AI tools, pedagogical strategies

References

Abdelhalim, S. M. (2024). Using ChatGPT to promote research competency: English as a Foreign Language undergraduates' perceptions and practices across varied metacognitive awareness levels. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 40(31), 31261-1275. https://doi.org/10.111/jcal.12948

Akın, A., Abacı, R. And Çetin, B. (2007). The validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Metacognitive Awareness Inventory, Educational Sciences Theory & Practice,7(2), 671-678. https://doi.org/10.17359/aced.2015611167

Aleven, V., & Koedinger, K. R. (2002). An effective metacognitive strategy: learning by doing and explaining with a computer-based cognitive tutor. Cognitive Science, 26(2), 147-179. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog2602_1

Anggo, M., Masi, L., & Haryani, M. (2021). The Use of Metacognitive Strategies in Solving Mathematical Problems. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1752.  https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1752/1/012078.

Anggo, M., Masi, L., & Haryani, M. (2021). The use of metacognitive strategies in solving mathematical problems. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1752/1/012078

Asy’ari, M., Ikhsan, M. ve Muhali. (2019). The effectiveness of inquiry learning model in improving prospective teachers’ metacognition knowledge and metacognition awareness. International Journal of Instruction. 12 (2).455-470. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2019.12229a

Balçıkanlı, C. (2011). Metacognitive awareness inventory for teachers (MAIT). Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology, 9(3), 1309-1332. DOI:10.25115/ejrep.v9i25.1620

Battista, A., & Torre, D. (2023). Mixed methods research designs. Medical Teacher, 45, 585 - 587. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2023.2200118

Binkley, M., Erstad, O., Herman, J., Raizen, S., Ripley, M. ve Rumble, M. (2010). Defining 21st century skills. Assessment and teaching of 21st century skills draft white paper. The University of Melbourne. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2324-5_2   

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa

Brophy, J. (1986). Teaching and learning mathematics: Where research should be going. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 17, 323–346. https://www.jstor.org/stable/i230297

Butterfield, E. C., Albertson, L. R., & Johnston, J. C. (1995). On making cognitive theory more general and developmentally pertinent. Memory performance and competencies: Issues in growth and development, 181-206.

Campbell, J. L., Quincy, C., Osserman, J. & Pedersen, O. K. (2013). Coding in-depth semistructured interviews: Problems of unitization and intercoder reliability and agreement. Sociological methods & research 42(3), 294-320.  https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124113500   

Campione, J. C., Brown, A. L., & Connell, M. L. (1989). Metacognition: On the importance of understanding what you are doing. In R. I. Charles & E. A. Silver (Eds.), The teaching and assessing of mathematical problem solving (pp. 93-114). Reston, VA: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Cardella-Elewar, M. (1995). Effects of Metacognitive Instruction on Low Achievers in Mathematical Problems. Teaching and Teacher Education, 11(1), 81-95.  https://doi.org/10.1016/0742-051X(94)00019-3

Culaste, I. C. (2011). Cognitive skills of mathematical problem solving of grade 6 children. International Journal of Innovative Interdisciplinary Research, 1(1), 120-125. Cognitive Skills of Mathematical Problem Solving of Grade 6 Children

Cummins, D. D. (1992). Role of analogical reasoning in the induction of problem categories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 18(5), 1103-1124. DOI: 10.1037/0278-7393.18.5.1103

Cunningham, I. (2020). A new educational paradigm for the 21st century. Development and Learning in Organizations, 34(2), 5-7. https://doi.org/10.1108/DLO-10-2019-0253  

Daher, W, Gierdien, F (2024).Use of Language By generative AI Tools in Mathematical Problem Solving: The Case of ChatGPT. African Journal Of Research in Mathematics Science and Technology Education, 10.1080/18117295.2024.2384676

Dao, X.-Q., Le, N.-B., Phan, X.-D., & Ngo, B.-B. (2023). Can ChatGPT pass the Vietnamese National High School graduation examination? https:// doi. org/ 10. 48550/ ARXIV. 2306. 09170

Davidson, J. E., & Sternberg, R. J. (1998). Smart problem solving: How metacognition helps. In D. J. Hacker, J. Dunlosky, & A. C. Graesser (Eds.), Metacognition in educational theory and practice (pp. 47–68). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.

Defi, S., Haryono, Y., & Jufri, L. (2022). Metacognitive Analysis of Students in Solving Mathematics Problem. Al Khawarizmi: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran Matematika. https://doi.org/10.22373/jppm.v6i2.15420.

Demirel, M., & Dagyar, M. (2016). Effects of problem-based learning on attitude: A meta-analysis study. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 12(8), 2115–2137. https://doi.org/10.12973/eurasia.2016.1293a

Dengiz, Y. (2023). Yapay zekanın öğretmen eğitimi üzerindeki yenilikçi etkileri [Yüksek lisans tezi]. Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi, Muğla.

Dertli, G. Z., Korkmaz Güler, N. & Yıldız, B. (2024). Chatgpt’nin bir informal öğrenme asistanı olarak problem çözme sürecinde öğrencilere rehberlik etmesinin incelenmesi. İnformal Ortamlarda Araştırma Dergisi, 9(1), 33-61. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jrinen/issue/85781/1415967

Desoete, A., & Veenman, M. (2006). Metacognition in mathematics: Critical issues on nature, theory, assessment and treatment. In A. Desoete & M. Veenman (Eds.), Metacognition in mathematics education (pp. 1–10). New York: Nova Science Publishers.

Desoete A. (2008). Multi-method assessment of metacognitive skills in elementary school children: How you test is what you get. Metacognition Learning, (3)3, 189-206. DOI: 10.1007/s11409-008-9026-0

De Ocampo-Acero, V. C., Sanchez-Javier, E. J., & Ocampo-Castro, H. C. (2015). Principles of Teaching I. Metro Manila, Philippines: Rex Book Store Inc.

Dwivedi, Y. K., Kshetri, N., Hughes, L., Slade, E. A., Jeyaraj, A., Kar, A. K., Baabdullah, A. M., Koohang, A., & Wright, R. (2023). “So what if ChatGPT wrote it?” Multidisciplinary perspectives on opportunities, challenges and implications of generative conversational AI for research, practice and policy. International Journal of Information Management, 71, Article 102642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102642  

Efklides, A. (2006). Metacognition and affect: What can metacognitive experiences tell us about the learning process? Educational Research Review, 1, 3–14.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2005.11.001  

Efklides, A. (2001). Metacognitive experiences in problem solving: Metacognition, motivation, and self-regulation. In A. Efklides, J. Kuhl, & R. M. Sorrentino (Eds.), Trends and prospects in motivation research (pp. 297-323). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer.

Efklides, A. (2009). The new look in metacognition: From individual to social, from cognitive to affective. In C. B. Larson (Ed.), Metacognition: New Research Developments (pp 137-151). New York: Nova Science Publishers.

ElSayary, A. (2023). An investigation of teachers' perceptions of using ChatGPT as a supporting tool for teaching and learning in the digital era. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 40, 931- 945. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.12926

Farrokhnia, M., Banihashem, S. K., Noroozi, O., & Wals, A. (2024). A SWOT analysis of ChatGPT: Implications for educational practice and research. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 61(3), 460- 474. https://doi.org/10.1080/14703297.2023.2195846

Felix, C. (2020). “The role of the teacher and AI in education” in International perspectives on the role of Technology in Humanizing Higher Education Innovations in higher education teaching and learning. eds. E. Sengupta, P. Blessinger and M. S. Makhanya, vol. 33 (Bingley: Emerald Publishing Limited), 33–48.

Flavell, J. H. (1976). Metacognitive aspects of problem solving. L. B. Resnick (Ed.). The nature of intelligence (s. 231-235). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Flavell, J. H. (1979). Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive developmental inquiry. American Psychologist, 34(1), 906-911. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.34.10.906

Garofalo, J., & Lester, F. K. (1985). Metacognition, cognitive monitoring, and mathematical performance. Journal of Research in Mathematics Education, 16, 163–176. https://www.jstor.org/stable/748391

Goldberg, P. D., & Bush, W. S. (2003). Using Metacognitive skills to improve 3rd graders’ math problem solving. Focus on Learning Problems in Mathematics, 5(10), 29-48. DOI: 10.46328/ijres.1594

Görgülü, Arı, A., Hayır Kanat, M. (2020). Covid-19 (koronavirüs) üzerine öğretmen adaylarının görüşleri. Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Salgın Hastalıklar Özel Sayısı, 459492. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/1210688

Guo, K., Zhong, Y., Li, D., & Chu, S. K. W. (2023). Effects of chatbot-assisted in-class debates on students’ argumentation skills and task motivation. Computers in Education, 203, Article 104862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2023.104862.

Hacker, D. J. (1998). Metacognition: Definitions and empirical foundations. In Metacognition in educational theory and practice (pp. 1-23). (D. J. Hacker, J. Dunlosky & A. C. Graesser Eds.), Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Hamarat, E. (2019). 21. Yüzyıl becerileri odağında Türkiye’nin eğitim politikaları. Ankara: SETA Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Toplum Araştırmaları Vakfı.

Hegarty, M., Mayer, R. E., & Monk, C. A. (1995). Comprehension of Arithmetic Word Problems: A Comparison of Successful and Unsuccessful Problem Solvers. Journal of Educational Psychology, 87, 18-32. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.87.1.18

Ifenthaler, D. (2012). Determining the effectiveness of prompts for self-regulated learning in problem-solving scenarios. Educational Technology & Society, 15(1), 38–52. www.academia.edu/2683498/Determining_the_effectiveness_of_prompts_for_self_regulated_learning_in_problem_solving_scenarios

Kapa, E. (2001). A metacognitive support during the process of problem solving in a computerized environment. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 47(3), 317-336.

Karabıyık, Ü. (2024).  Matematik eğitiminde yenilikçi bir yaklaşım: ChatGPT’nin rolü. Uşak Üniversitesi Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(1), 26-46. https://doi.org/10.29065/usakead.1393487

Kashefi, A., & Mukerji, T. (2023). ChatGPT for Programming Numerical Methods. ArXiv,abs/2303.12093. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2303.12093.

Kasneci, E., Seßler, K., Küchemann, S., Bannert, M., Dementieva, D., Fischer, F., Gasser, U., Groh, G., Günnemann, S., Hüllermeier, E., Krusche, S., Kutyniok, G., Michaeli, T., Nerdel, C., Pfeffer, J., Poquet, O., Sailer, M., Schmidt, A., Seidel, T., …, & Kasneci, G. (2023). ChatGPT for good? On opportunities and challenges of large language models for education. https://doi.org/10.35542/osf.io/5er8f

Kojo, A., Laine, A., & Naveri, L. (2018). How did you solve it?–Teachers’ approaches to guiding mathematics problem solving. LUMAT: International Journal on Math, Science and Technology Education, 6(1), 22- 40. DOI:10.31129/LUMAT.6.1.294

Koriat,A. (2007). Metacognition and consciousness. In: Zelazo,P.D., Moscovitch, M.,Thompson,E. (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness. Cambridge University Press, New-York, pp.289–325.

Kramarski, B. (2008). Promoting teachers’ algebraic reasoning and self-regulation with metacognitive guidance. Metacognition and Learning, 3(2), 83–99. doi.org/10.1007/s11409-008-9020-6

Lee, D., & Yeo, S. (2022). Developing an AI-based chatbot for practicing responsive teaching in mathematics. Computers in Education, 191, Article 104646. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.compedu.2022.104646. article number.

Leng, L. (2024). Challenge, integration, and change: ChatGPT and future anatomical education. Medical Education Online, 29(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/10872981.2024.2304973

Lesh, R. and Zawojewski, J.S. (2007) Problem Solving and Modeling. In: Lester, F., Ed., Second Handbook of Research on Mathematics Teaching and Learning, Information Age Publishing, Greenwich, CT, 763-802.

Lester, F. J. & Kehle, P. E. (2003). From problem solving to modeling: The evolution of thinking about research on complex mathematical activity. In R. Lesh & H. M. Doerr (Eds.), Beyond constructivism: Models and modeling perspectives on mathematics teaching, learning, and problem solving. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

Lester, F. K. (1982). Building bridges between psychological and mathematics education research on problem solving. In F. K. Lester & J. Garofalo (Eds.), Mathematical problem solving (pp. 55–85). Philadelphia: The Franklin Institute Press.

Lim, W. M., Gunasekara, A., Leigh Pallant, J., Pallant, J. A., & Pechenkina, E. (2023). Generative AI and the future of education: Ragnar¨ok or reformation? A paradoxical perspective from management educators. International Journal of Management in Education, 21(2), Article 100790. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ijme.2023.100790. article number

Liu, Y., & Pásztor, A. (2022). Effects of problem-based learning instructional intervention on critical thinking in higher education: A meta-analysis. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 45, 101069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2022.101069

Li, Y., Sha, L., Yan, L., Lin, J., Rakovic, M., Galbraith, K., Lyons, K., Gaˇsevi´c, D., & Chen, G. (2023). Can large language models write reflectively. Computers & Education: Artificial Intelligence, 4, Article 100140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2023.100140   

Lomax, R. G. ve Hahs-Vaughn, D. L. (2012). An Introduction to Statistical Concepts Third Edition, Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, USA.

Lucangeli, D., Tressoldi, P. E., & Cendron, M. (1998). Cognitive and metacognitive abilities involved in the solution of mathematical word problems: Validation of a comprehensive model. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 23(3), 257–275. https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1997.0962   

Mayer, R.E. (1998). Cognitive, metacognitive and motivational aspects of problem solving. Instructional Science, 26, 49-63. doi.org/10.1023/A:1003088013286

Miles, M. B. & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative Data Analysis. Thousand Oaks, Sage Publication.

Mumford, M. D., Martin, R., & Elliott, S. N. (2019). Creative thinking processes: Managing innovative efforts. In Oxford research Encyclopedias. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190224851.013.172  

Mumford, M. D., Mobley, M. I., Reiter-Palmon, R., Uhlman, C. E., & Doares, L. M. (1991). Process analytic models of creative capacities. Creativity Research Journal, 4 (2), 91–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419109534380

National Council of Teachers of Mathematics [NCTM], (2000). Principles and standards for school mathematics. Reston, VA: NCTM. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISCMI47871.2019.9004411

Nayıroğlu, B. & Tutak, T. (2024). Matematik öğretiminde yapay zekanın rolü: Öğretimde kullanılan araçların incelenmesi. Turkish Journal of Education Studies, 11(1). doi.org/10.33907/turkjes.1415591

Noy, S., & Zhang, W. (2023). Experimental evidence on the productivity effects of generative artificial intelligence. Science, 381(6654), 187–192. https://doi.org/10. 1126/science.adh2586.

Panaoura, A., & Philippou, G. (2007). The developmental change of young pupils’ metacognitive ability in mathematics in relation to their cognitive abilities. Cognitive Development, 22(2), 149-164.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2006.08.004  

Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (4th ed.). Sage.

Plevris, V., Papazafeiropoulos, G., & Ríos, A. (2023). Chatbots put to the test in math and logic problems: A preliminary comparison and assessment of ChatGPT-3.5, ChatGPT-4, and Google Bard. ArXiv, abs/2305.18618. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2305.18618

Polya, G. (1957). How to solve it: A new aspect of mathematical method (2nd ed.), Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Puryear, J. S. (2016). Inside the creative sifter: Recognizing metacognition in creativity development. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 50(4), 321-332. DOI: 10.1002/jocb.80

O'Malley, J. M., & Chamot, A. U. (1990). Learning strategies in second language acquisition. Cambridge University Press.

Rawas, S. (2023). ChatGPT: Empowering lifelong learning in the digital age of higher education. Education and Information Technologies, 29, 6895-6908. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-12114-8

Reeve, R. A., & Brown, A. L. (1985). Metacognition reconsidered: Implications for intervention research. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 13(3), 343–356. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00912721

Remoto, J. (2023). ChatGPT and other AIs: Personal relief and limitations among mathematics-oriented learners. Environment and Social Psychology. https://doi.org/10.54517/esp.v9i1.1911.

Rhodes, M. G. (2019). Metacognition. Teaching of Psychology, 46(2), 168–175. https://doi.org/10.1177/0098628319834381

Rudolph, J., Tan, S., & Tan, S. (2023). ChatGPT: Bullshit spewer or the end of traditional assessments in higher education? Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.9

Schoenfeld, A. H. (1983). Episodes and executive decisions in mathematical problem solving. In R. Lesh & M. Landau (Eds.), Acquisition of mathematics concepts and processes (pp. 345– 395). New York: Academic Press.

Schoenfeld, A. (1985). Mathematical Problem Solving. San Diego, CA: Academic Press

Schoenfeld, A. H. (1992). Learning to think mathematically: Problem solving, metacognition, and sense making in mathematics. In D. A. Grouws (Ed.), Handbook of research on mathematics teaching and learning (pp. 334–370). New York: Macmillan.

Schraw, G. & Dennison, R. S. (1994). “Assesing metacognitive awareneess”. Contemporary Educational Psychology,19,460-475. https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1994.1033

Shanahan, T. (1992). Reading comprehension as a conversation with an author. In: M. Presley, K. R. Harris & J. T. Guthrie (Eds.), Promotion Academic Competence and Literacy in School. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

Shodikin, A., Nurkumala, S., & Sumarno, W. (2022). Student Metacognition in Mathematics Problem Solving on Set Materials. Mathline: Jurnal Matematika dan Pendidikan Matematika. https://doi.org/10.31943/mathline.v7i2.297.

Silver, E. A. (1982). Knowledge organization and mathematical problem solving. In F. K. Lester & J. Garofalo (Eds.), Mathematical problem solving (pp. 15–25). Philadelphia: Franklin Institute Press.

Şekeroğlu, B., Dimililer, K., & Tuncal, K. (2019). Artificial intelligence in education: Application in student performance evaluation. Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores, 7(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.46377/dilemas.v28i1.1594

Tabone, W., ve De Winter, J. (2023). Using ChatGPT for human–computer interaction research: a primer. Royal Society Open Science, 10(9), 231053. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.231053

Tabuyo, A. T. (2024). Metacognition and Mathematical Problem-Solving Performance of Pre-Service Teachers. Pegem Journal of Education and Instruction, 14(4), 474-480. doi.org/10.47750/pegegog.14.04.45

Terwiesch, C. (2023). Would Chat GPT3 Get a Wharton MBA? A Prediction based on its performance in the Operations Management course. Mack Institute for Innovation Management at the Wharton School. https://mackinstitute.wharton.upenn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Christian-Terwiesch-Chat-GTP.pdf

The Guardian. (2023). ChatGPT reaches 100 million users two months after launch. The Guardian. https://www. theguardian.com/technology/2023/feb/02/chatgpt-100-million-users-open-ai-fastest-growing-app

Treffinger, D. J., Selby, E. C., & Isaksen, S. G. (2008). Understanding individual problem-solving style: A key to learning and applying creative problem-solving. Learning and Individual Differences, 18(4), 390–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2007.11.007

Ünsever, Ö. & Kutluca, A. Y. (2024). Okul öncesi öğretmenlerinin düşünme becerileri eğitimine ilişkin görüşlerinin öğretmeye yönelik üstbilişsel farkındalık düzeyleri açısından incelenmesi. Trakya Eğitim Dergisi, 14(2), 609-627. doi.org/10.24315/tred.1360976

Urban, M., Dechterenko, F., Lukavsky, J., Hrabalova, V., Svacha, F., Brom, C. & Urban, K. (2024). ChatGPT improves creative problem-solving performance in university students: An experimental study. Computers & Education, 215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2024.105031

Van Vaerenbergh, S., & Pérez-Suay, A. (2022). A classification of artificial intelligence systems for mathematics education. In A. B. Aslan (Ed.), Mathematics education in the age of artificial intelligence: How artificial intelligence can serve mathematical human learning (pp. 89-106). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94852-3_6

Van Der Stel, M., & Veenman, M. V. J. (2008). Relation between intellectual ability and metacognitive skillfulness as predictors of learning performance of young students performing tasks in different domains. Learning and Individual Differences, 18(1), 128–134.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2007.08.003

Verschaffel, L. (1999). Realistic mathematical modelling and problem solving in the upper elementary school: Analysis and improvement. In J. H. M. Hamers, J. E. H. Van Luit, & B. Csapo (Eds.), Teaching and learning thinking skills. Contexts of learning (pp. 215–240). Lisse: Swets & Zeitlinger. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/93015312.pdf

Vo, V. A., Li, R., Kornell, N., Pouget, A., & Cantlon, J. F. (2014). Young Children Bet on Their Numerical Skills: Metacognition in the Numerical Domain. Psychological Science, 25(9), 1712-1721. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797614538458

Walker, A., & Leary, H. (2009). A problem based learning meta analysis. The Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-based Learning, 3(1), 12–43. https://doi.org/10.7771/ 1541-5015.1061

Walker, A., & Leary, H. (2009). A problem based learning meta analysis. The Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-based Learning, 3(1), 12–43. https://doi.org/10.7771/ 1541-5015.1061

Wenden, A. (1991). Learner strategies for learner autonomy. London: Prentice Hall International.

Wenden, A. (1999). Special issue on metacognitive knowledge and beliefs in language learning. System, 27(4), 435-441. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0346-251X(99)00043-3

Wilkins, L.S. (1997). Fostering independence with metacognition. In L. Dickinson (Ed), Autonomy 2000 The development of learning independence in language learning, Bangkok: King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Thonburi.

William, S., & Maat, S. (2020). Understanding Students’ Metacognition in Mathematics Problem Solving: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 9, 115-127. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARPED/V9-I3/7847.

Yin, R. K. (2018). Case study research and applications: Design and methods (6th ed.). Sage

Zan, R. (2000). A metacognitive ıntervention in mathematics at university level. International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science & Technology, 31(1), 143-151. DOI: 10.1080/002073900287462

Zhai, X. (2022). ChatGPT user experience: Implications for education. SSRN. Retrieved from https://papers.ssrn. com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4312418

Zhu, C., Jiutong Sun, M., Luo, J., Li, T. & Wang, M. (2023). How to harness the potential of ChatGPT in education? Knowledge Management & E-Learning, 15(2), 133-152. https://doi.org/10.34105/j.kmel.2023.15.008

Announcement

EDUPIJ Citation Metrics

EDUPIJ News!

► Educational Process International Journal has changed to publish in article number order instead of in page range order beginning with Volume 14 (2025).