Abstract

Conclusion. It is concluded that the training program significantly contributed to changing the pre-service teachers' perceptions of the five Computational Thinking competencies analyzed. This highlights the importance of incorporating training programs into Initial Teacher Training, especially those that integrate theory and practice, fostering the development of essential competencies for the teaching practices of pre-service teachers.

Keywords: Computational thinking competencies, initial teacher training, teacher training program, primary school, mixed-methods study

Angeli, C. (2022). The effects of scaffolded programming scripts on pre-service teachers’ computational thinking: Developing algorithmic thinking through programming robots. International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction, 31, 100329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcci.2021.100329

Angeli, C., & Giannakos, M. (2019). Computational thinking education: Issues and challenges. Computers in Human Behavior, 105, 106185. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHB.2019.106185

Angeli, C., Voogt, J., Fluck, A., Webb, M., Cox, M., Malyn-Smith, J., & Zagami, J. (2016). A K-6 computational thinking curriculum framework: Implications for teacher knowledge. Educational Technology and Society, 19(3), 47–57.

Butler, D., & Leahy, M. (2021). Developing pre-service teachers' understanding of computational thinking: A constructionist approach. British Journal of Educational Technology, 52(3), 1060–1077. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13090

Canavarro, A. P., Oliveira, H., & Menezes, L. (2012). Práticas de ensino exploratório da matemática: o caso de Célia. Investigação Em Educação Matemática, 255–266.

Ching, Y.-H., & Hsu, Y.-C. (2024). Educational Robotics for Developing Computational Thinking in Young Learners: A Systematic Review. TechTrends, 68(3), 423–434. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-023-00841-1

Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2018). Research Methods in Education (8th ed.). Routledge.

Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.

Doleck, T., Bazelais, P., Lemay, D. J., Saxena, A., & Basnet, R. B. (2017). Algorithmic thinking, cooperativity, creativity, critical thinking, and problem solving: exploring the relationship between computational thinking skills and academic performance. Journal of Computers in Education, 4(4), 355–369. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40692-017-0090-9

Dong, W., Li, Y., Sun, L., & Liu, Y. (2024). Developing pre-service teachers’ computational thinking: a systematic literature review. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 34(1), 191–227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10798-023-09811-3

Drot-Delange, B., Parriaux, G., & Reffay, C. (2021). Futurs enseignants de l’école primaire : connaissances des stratégies d’enseignement, curriculaires et disciplinaires pour l’enseignement de la programmation. Recherches En Didactiques Des Sciences et Des Technologies, 23, 55–76. https://doi.org/10.4000/RDST.3685

Field, A. (2018). Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics (5th ed.). SAGE Publications Ltd.

Gasaymeh, A., & AlMohtadi, R. (2024). College of education students’ perceptions of their computational thinking proficiency. Frontiers in Education, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2024.1478666

Grover, S., & Pea, R. (2013). Computational thinking in K–12: A review of the state of the field. Educational Researcher, 42(1), 38–43. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X12463051

Haşlaman, T., Mumcu, F. K., & Uslu, N. A. (2024). Fostering computational thinking through digital storytelling: a distinctive approach to promoting computational thinking skills of pre-service teachers. Education and Information Technologies, 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-024-12583-5

Israel-Fishelson, R., & Hershkovitz, A. (2022). Studying interrelations of computational thinking and creativity: A scoping review (2011–2020). Computers and Education, 176(104353), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104353

Jiang, B., & Li, Z. (2021). Effect of Scratch on computational thinking skills of Chinese primary school students. Journal of Computers in Education, 8(4), 505–525. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40692-021-00190-z

Kiss, G., & Arki, Z. (2017). The Influence of Game-based Programming Education on the Algorithmic Thinking. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 237, 613–617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2017.02.020

Knie, L., Standl, B., & Schwarzer, S. (2022). First experiences of integrating computational thinking into a blended learning in-service training program for STEM teachers. Computer Applications In Engineering Education, 30(5), 1423–1439. https://doi.org/10.1002/cae.22529

Kong, S. C., Lai, M., & Sun, D. E. (2020). Teacher development in computational thinking: Design and learning outcomes of programming concepts, practices and pedagogy. COMPUTERS & EDUCATION, 151(103872), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.103872

Korkmaz, Ö., Çakir, R., & Özden, M. Y. (2017). A validity and reliability study of the computational thinking scales (CTS). Computers in Human Behavior, 72, 558–569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.01.005

Liu, S., Peng, C., & Srivastava, G. (2023). What influences computational thinking? A theoretical and empirical study based on the influence of learning engagement on computational thinking in higher education. Computer Applications in Engineering Education, 31(6), 1690–1704. https://doi.org/10.1002/cae.22669

Lopes, J., Viegas, C., & Pinto, A. (2018). Melhorar Práticas de Ensino de Ciências e Tecnologia-Registar e Investigar com Narrações Multimodais. Edições Sílabo.

Macann, V., & Carvalho, L. (2021). Teachers Use of Public Makerspaces to Support Students’ Development of Digital Technology Competencies. New Zealand Journal of Educational Studies, 56(SUPPL 1), 125–142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40841-020-00190-0

Marôco, J. (2021). Análise Estatística com o SPSS Statistics (8a Edição). ReportNumber.

Martínez, M. L., Lévêque, O., Benítez, I., Hardebolle, C., & Zufferey, J. D. (2022). Assessing Computational Thinking: Development and Validation of the Algorithmic Thinking Test for Adults. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 60(6), 1436–1463. https://doi.org/10.1177/07356331211057819

Ministério da Educação. (2021). Aprendizagens essenciais de Matemática. Lisboa: ME.

Molina-Ayuso, Á., Adamuz-Povedano, N., Bracho-López, R., Torralbo-Rodríguez, M., Molina-Ayuso, A., Adamuz-Povedano, N., Bracho-Lopez, R., & Torralbo-Rodriguez, M. (2022). Introduction to Computational Thinking with Scratch for Teacher Training for Spanish Primary School Teachers in Mathematics. Education Sciences, 12(12), 899. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12120899

Nordby, S. K., Bjerke, A. H., & Mifsud, L. (2022). Primary Mathematics Teachers’ Understanding of Computational Thinking. Kunstliche Intelligenz, 36(1), 35–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13218-021-00750-6

Pallant, J. (2020). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using IBM SPSS (Vol. 181, Issue 4). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003117452

Papert, S. (1980). Mindstorms: Children, Computers, and Powerful Ideas. In Basic Books (Vol. 1).

Peracaula-Bosch, M., Estebanell-Minguell, M., Couso, D., González-Martínez, J., & Gonzalez-Martinez, J. (2020). What do pre-service teachers know about computational thinking? Revista de Psicologia, Ciències de l’Eduació i de l’Esport, 38(1), 75–86. https://doi.org/10.51698/aloma.2020.38.1.75-86

Pestana, M. H., & Gageiro, J. N. (2014). Análise de dados para ciências sociais: A complementaridade do SPSS [Data analysis for social sciences: The complementarity of SPSS]. Edições Sílabo, Lda.

Pewkam, W., & Chamrat, S. (2022). Pre-Service Teacher Training Program of STEM-based Activities in Computing Science to Develop Computational Thinking. Informatics in Education, 21(2), 311–329. https://doi.org/10.15388/infedu.2022.09

Ponte, J. P. (2012). Estudiando el conocimiento y el desarrollo profesional del profesorado de matemáticas. In N. Planas (Ed.), Teoría, crítica y prática de la educación matemática (pp. 83–98). Graó.

Rodrigues, R. N., Brito-Costa, S., Abbasi, M., Costa, C., & Martins, F. (2024). Pre-service teachers’ competencies to develop computational thinking: A Portuguese tool to analyse Computational Thinking. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 20(11), em2528. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/15523

Rodrigues, R. N., Costa, C., & Martins, F. (2024). Integration of computational thinking in initial teacher training for primary schools: a systematic review. In Frontiers in Education (Vol. 9, Issue 1330065, pp. 1–8). https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2024.1330065

Sáez-López, J. M., Del Olmo-Muñoz, J., González-Calero, J. A., Cózar-Gutiérrez, R., Saez-Lopez, J. M., del Olmo-Munoz, J., Gonzalez-Calero, J. A., & Cozar-Gutierrez, R. (2020). Exploring the Effect of Training in Visual Block Programming for Pre-service Teachers. Multimodal Technologies and Interaction, 4(3), 65. https://doi.org/10.3390/mti4030065

Sun, L. H., You, X. X., & Zhou, D. H. (2023). Evaluation and development of STEAM teachers’ computational thinking skills: Analysis of multiple influential factors. Education and Information Technologies, 28(11), 14493–14527. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-11777-7

Tankiz, E., & Atman Uslu, N. (2022). Preparing Pre-Service Teachers for Computational Thinking Skills and its Teaching: A Convergent Mixed-Method Study. Technology, Knowledge and Learning. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-022-09593-y

Voon, X. P., Wong, S. L., Wong, L.-H., Khambari, M. N. M., & Syed-Abdullah, S. I. S. (2022). Developing Computational Thinking Competencies through Constructivist Argumentation Learning: A Problem-Solving Perspective. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 12(6), 529–539. https://doi.org/10.18178/IJIET.2022.12.6.1650

Wing, J. M. (2006). Computational thinking. Communications of the ACM, 49(3), 33–35. https://doi.org/10.1145/1118178.1118215

Wu, T.-T., Asmara, A., Huang, Y.-M., & Permata Hapsari, I. (2024). Identification of Problem-Solving Techniques in Computational Thinking Studies: Systematic Literature Review. Sage Open, 14(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440241249897

Wu, T.-T., Silitonga, L. M., & Murti, A. T. (2024). Enhancing English writing and higher-order thinking skills through computational thinking. Computers & Education, 213, 105012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2024.105012

Yadav, A., Mayfield, C., Zhou, N., Hambrusch, S., & Korb, J. T. (2014). Computational thinking in elementary and secondary teacher education. ACM Transactions on Computing Education, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1145/2576872

Zha, S., Jin, Y., Moore, P., & Gaston, J. (2020). Hopscotch into Coding: Introducing Pre-Service Teachers Computational Thinking. TechTrends, 64(1), 17–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-019-00423-0

Zhou, X., & Tsai, C. (2023). The Effects of Socially Shared Regulation of Learning on the Computational Thinking, Motivation, and Engagement in Collaborative Learning by Teaching. Education and Information Technologies, 28, 8135–8152. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-11527-1