Beliefs and Attitudes of Primary School Mathematics Teachers Towards STEM Education
Article Number: e2025006 | Published Online: January 2025 | DOI: 10.22521/edupij.2025.14.6
Afizal Abd Ghani , Roslinda Rosli , Siti Mistima Maat
Full text PDF |
585 |
281
Abstract
Background/purpose. Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) interdisciplinary education in schools may spark students’ interest in learning the subjects and further help develop human capital and a STEM-educated workforce. However, many teachers are yet to be prepared to integrate STEM education into the school curriculum. Considering the significance of teachers’ perspectives on STEM education, this study aimed to determine the correlation between primary school mathematics teachers’ attitudes and beliefs about STEM education. Materials/methods. Using simple random sampling, forty-nine primary school mathematics teachers were selected to participate in this quantitative research utilizing a questionnaire with a five-point Likert scale. The study objectives were addressed using descriptive analysis. Further, the Statistical Package of the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to conduct Pearson’s correlation and simple linear regression analyses. Results. The study found that primary school mathematics teachers had moderate attitudes and beliefs toward STEM education. Additionally, a significant correlation existed between primary school mathematics teachers’ beliefs and attitudes towards STEM education. A simple linear regression test confirmed that teachers’ beliefs in STEM education influenced their attitudes towards STEM education with a value of adjusted R2 = .860. Furthermore, the Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) test results showed that participation in STEM Professional Development (PD) is a significant factor in mathematics teachers’ beliefs and attitudes towards STEM education. |
Conclusion. There is a need to provide quality and sustainable professional development programs to support teachers’ knowledge in integrating STEM education in primary school curriculum.
Keywords: attitudes towards STEM, beliefs towards STEM, mathematics teachers, primary schools, STEM
ReferencesAhad, N. A., Teh, S. Y., Othman, A. R., & Yaakob, C. R. (2011). Sensitivity of normality tests to non-normal data. Sains Malaysiana, 40(6), 637–641.
Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Prentice-Hall.
Aldahmash, A. H., Alamri, N. M., Aljallal, M. A., & Bevins, S. (2019). Saudi Arabian science and mathematics teachers’ attitudes toward integrating STEM in teaching before and after participating in a professional development program. Cogent Education, 6(1), 1–21.
https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2019.1580852
Alkhateeb, M. A. (2018). The degree practices for mathematics teachers STEM education. Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences, 13(3), 360–371. https://doi.org/10.18844/cjes.v13i3.3010
Al Salami, M. K., Makela, C. J., & de Miranda, M. A. (2017). Assessing changes in teachers’ attitudes toward interdisciplinary STEM teaching. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 27(1), 63–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10798-015-9341-0
Andrade, C. (2020). Sample size and its importance in research. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 42(1), 102–103. https://doi.org/10.4103/IJPSYM.IJPSYM_504_19
Arrington, T. L., & Willox, L. (2021). “I need to sit on my hands and put tape on my mouth”: Improving teachers’ design thinking knowledge, skills, and attitudes through professional development. Journal of Formative Design in Learning, 5(1), 27–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41686-021-00054-w
Azwar, S. (2007). Sikap manusia: Teori dan pengukurannya. Yogyakarta, Indonesia: Pustaka Pelajar.
Calderhead, J. (1996). Teachers: Beliefs and knowledge. In D. C. Berliner & R. C. Calfee (Eds.), Handbook of educational psychology (pp. 708–725). New York, NY: Macmillan.
Cao, Y., Chen, R. C., & Katz, A. J. (2024). Why is a small sample size not enough? The Oncologist, 29(9), 761-763. https://doi.org/10.1093/oncolo/oyae162
Costa, M. C., Domingos, A. M. D., Teodoro, V. D., & Vinhas, É. M. R. G. (2022). Teacher professional development in STEM education: An integrated approach with real-world scenarios in Portugal. Mathematics, 10(21), 3944. https://doi.org/10.3390/math10213944
Dailey, D., Jackson, N., Cotabish, A., & Trumble, J. (2018). STEMulate engineering academy: Engaging students and teachers in engineering practices. Roeper Review, 40(2), 97–107. https://doi.org/10.1080/02783193.2018.1434709
DeCoito, I., & Myszkal, P. (2018). Connecting science instruction and teachers’ self-efficacy and beliefs in STEM education. Journal of Science Teacher Education, 29(6), 485–503. https://doi.org/10.1080/1046560X.2018.1473748
Du, W., Liu, D., Johnson, C. C., Sondergeld, T. A., Bolshakova, V. L. J., & Moore, T. J. (2019). The impact of integrated STEM professional development on teacher quality. School Science and Mathematics, 119(2), 105–114. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssm.12318
Er, E., & Kim, C. (2017). Episode-centered guidelines for teacher belief change toward technology integration. Educational Technology Research and Development, 65(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-017-9518-1
Erkmen, B. (2012). Ways to uncover teachers’ beliefs. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, pp. 47, 141–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.628
Etz, K. E., & Arroyo, J. A. (2015). Small sample research: considerations beyond statistical power. Prevention Science, 16(8), 1033-1036. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-015-0585-4
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (2011). Predicting and changing behavior: The reasoned action approach. New York, NY: Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203838020
Fitzallen, N. (2015). STEM education: What does mathematics have to offer? Mathematics Education Research Group of Australasia, 237–244. http://ecite.utas.edu.au/101736/2/101736.pdf
Gilakjani, A. P., & Sabouri, N. B. (2017). Teachers’ beliefs in English language teaching and learning: A review of the literature. English Language Teaching, 10(4), 78. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v10n4p78
Guskey, T. R. (1986). Staff development and the process of teacher change. Educational Researcher, 15(5), 5–12. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189x015005005
Hackman, S. T., Zhang, D., & He, J. (2021). Secondary school science teachers' attitudes towards STEM education in Liberia. International Journal of Science Education, 43(2), 223–246. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500693.2020.1864837
Hair, J., Anderson, R., Babin, B., & Black, W. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis. Pearson Prentice Hall.
Hamilton, M., O’Dwyer, A., Leavy, A., Hourigan, M., Carroll, C., & Corry, E. (2021). A case study exploring primary teachers’ experiences of a STEM education school-university partnership. Teachers and Teaching, 27(1–4), pp. 17–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/13540602.2021.1920906
Hassan, M. A. A., Rabbani, M. F., Shukor, M. E. M., & Majid, M. M. A. (2018). Sikap guru terhadap perubahan dalam sekolah di Malaysia. Management Research Journal, 7, 188–196. https://doi.org/10.37134/mrj.vol7.16.2018
Havice, W., Havice, P., Waugaman, C., & Walker, K. (2018). Evaluating the effectiveness of integrative STEM education: Teacher and administrator professional development. Journal of Technology Education, 29(2), 73-90. https://doi.org/10.21061/jte.v29i2.a.5
Idris, F. (2008). The influence of individual attributes on inter-ethnic tolerance among early youth in Selangor [Doctoral Dissertation, Universiti Putra Malaysia]. http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/5444/
Kaderavek, J. N., Paprzycki, P., Czerniak, C. M., Hapgood, S., Mentzer, G., Molitor, S., & Mendenhall, R. (2020). Longitudinal impact of early childhood science instruction on 5th grade science achievement. International Journal of Science Education, 42(7), 1124–1143. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500693.2020.1749908
Karen, G. (2019). Understanding primary teachers’ professional learning and practice: An activity theory lens. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 51(3), 362–383. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220272.2018.1488997
Lee, A. R. (2017). A quantitative study of high school math and science teachers’ perceived confidence and self-efficacy toward integrating STEM education [Doctoral Dissertation, Oral Roberts University]. ProQuest Dissertation and Theses Database
Lee, S. C., Jack, A. R., & Novacek, G. (2021). PD with distance-based instructional coaching to improve elementary teachers’ self-efficacy in teaching science. Journal of Science Teacher Education, 33(5), 509–530. https://doi.org/10.1080/1046560X.2021.1965751
Levin, B. B. (2014). The development of teachers’ beliefs. In Fives, H., & Gill, M. G. (Ed.), International handbook of research on teachers’ beliefs (pp. 48–65). Routledge.
Mansour, N., Said, Z., & Abu-Tineh, A. (2024). Factors impacting science and mathematics teachers’ competencies and self-efficacy in TPACK for PBL and STEM. EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 20(5), Article em2442. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/14467
Margot, K. C., & Kettler, T. (2019). Teachers’ perception of STEM integration and education: A systematic literature review. International Journal of STEM Education, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-018-0151-2
Milaturrahmah, N., Mardiyana, M., & Pramudya, I. (2017). Mathematics learning process with science, technology, engineering, mathematics (STEM) approach in Indonesia. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 895(1), 012030. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/895/1/012030
Minarni, B. W., Retnawati, H., & Nugraheni, T. V. T. (2018). Mathematics teachers’ beliefs and their contribution toward teaching practice and student achievement. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1097(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1097/1/012143
Mustam, A. A., & Adnan, M. (2019). Perception of primary mathematics teachers on STEM-oriented teaching and learning. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1227(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1227/1/012009
Mutambara, D., & Bayaga, A. (2021). Determinants of mobile learning acceptance for STEM education in rural areas. Computers & Education, 160, 104010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.104010
Nesmith, S. M., & Cooper, S. (2019). Engineering process as a focus: STEM professional development with elementary STEM-focused professional development schools. School Science and Mathematics, 119(8), 487–498. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssm.12376
Omolara, S. R., & Adebukola, O. R. (2015). Teachers’ attitudes: a great influence on teaching and learning of social studies. Journal of Law Policy and Globalization, 42, 131–137. https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JLPG/article/view/26790
Pajares, M. F. (1992). Teachers’ beliefs and educational research: cleaning up a messy construct. Review of Educational Research, 62(3), 307–332. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543062003307
Pallant, J. (2010). SPSS Survival Manual, A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS: 4th ed. McGraw Hill.
Pleasants, J., Olson, J. K., & De La Cruz, I. (2020). Accuracy of elementary teachers’ representations of the projects and processes of engineering: results of a professional development program. Journal of Science Teacher Education, 31(4), 362–383. https://doi.org/10.1080/1046560X.2019.1709295
Porter, T., West, M. E., Kajfez, R. L., Malone, K. L., & Irving, K. E. (2019). The effect of teacher professional development on implementing engineering in elementary schools. Journal of Pre-College Engineering Education Research, 9(2), 64–71. https://doi.org/10.7771/2157-9288.1246
Quillen, M. A. (2004). Relationships among prospective elementary teachers’ beliefs about mathematics, mathematics content knowledge, and previous mathematics course experiences. [Doctoral Dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Doctor]. ProQuest Dissertation and Theses Database.
Rich, K. M., Yadav, A., & Larimore, R. A. (2020). Teacher implementation profiles for integrating computational thinking into elementary mathematics and science instruction. Education and Information Technologies, 25(4), 3161–3188 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-020-10115-5
Sahin, C., Bullock, K., & Stables, A. (2002). Teachers’ beliefs and practices in relation to their beliefs about questioning at Key Stage 2. Educational Studies, 28(4), 371–384. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305569022000042390a
Santos, D., & Miguel, L. (2019). The relationship between teachers beliefs, behaviors, and professional development: A literature review. International Journal of Education and Practice, 7(1), 10–18. https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.61.2019.71.10.18
Schoen, R. C., & LaVenia, M. (2019). Teacher beliefs about mathematics teaching and learning: Identifying and clarifying three constructs. Cogent Education, 6(1), 1599488. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186x.2019.1599488'
Schwarzkopf, D. S., & Huang, Z. (2024). A simple statistical framework for small sample studies. Psychological Methods. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000710
Srikoom, W., Hanuscin, D., & Faikhamta, C. (2017). Perceptions of in-service teachers toward teaching STEM in Thailand. Asia-Pacific Forum on Science Learning and Teaching, 18(2), 1–24. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1179211
Suebsing, S., & Nuangchalerm, P. (2021). Understanding and satisfaction towards STEM education of primary school teachers through professional development program. Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia, 10(2), 171–177. https://doi.org/10.15294/jpii.v10i2.25369
Sujarwanto, E., & Ibrahim, M. (2019). Attitude, knowledge, and application of STEM owned by science teachers. Journal of Physics, 1417, 012096. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1417/1/012096
Thibaut, L., Knipprath, H., Dehaene, W., & Depaepe, F. (2017). How school context and personal factors relate to teachers’ attitudes toward teaching integrated STEM. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 28(3), 631–651. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10798-017-9416-1
Thurm, D., & Barzel, B. (2020). Effects of a professional development program for teaching mathematics with Technology on Teachers’ Beliefs, self-efficacy, and practices. ZDM - Mathematics Education, 52(7), 1411–1422. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-020-01158-6
Turner, A., Logan, M., & Wilks, J. (2021). Planting food sustainability thinking and practice through STEM in the garden. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 0123456789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10798-021-09655-9
Wahono, B., & Chang, C. Y. (2019). Development and validation of a survey instrument (AKA) towards attitude, knowledge, and application of STEM. Journal of Baltic Science Education, 18(1), 63–76. https://doi.org/10.33225/jbse/19.18.63
Wei, W. K., & Maat, S. M. (2020). The attitude of primary school teachers towards STEM education. TEM Journal, 9(3), 1243–1251. https://doi.org/10.18421/tem93-53
Wilson, M. S., & Cooney, T. (2002). Mathematics teacher change and development. In G. C. Leder, E. Pehkonen, & G. Törner (Eds.), Beliefs: A hidden variable in mathematics education? (pp. 127–147). Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Yamkasikorn, M. (2021). STEM education and innovation for teacher development: New challenges toward Thai education quality. 1(1), 32–42. https://so05.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/arnje/article/view/250673
Yu, C., Chow, C. F. S., & So, W. M. W. (2020). School-STEM professional collaboration to diversify stereotypes and increase interest in STEM careers among primary school students. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 42(3), 556–573. https://doi.org/10.1080/02188791.2020.1841604
Yunus, N. S. (2015). Kesediaan guru melaksanakan pengajaran dan pembelajaran pendidikan STEM [Teacher readiness to implement teaching and learning in STEM education]. [Doctoral Dissertation, National University of Malaysia].
Zikre, N. M., & Eu, L. K. (2016). Malaysian mathematics teachers’ beliefs about the nature of teaching and learning. Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 4(1), 21–29.