The Impact of a Blended Learning Model on Undergraduate University Students' Digital Literacy Skills: Empirical Evidence from Higher Education
pp. 84-101 | Available Online: December 2024 | DOI: 10.22521/edupij.2024.134.5
Mohammed El Messaoudi
Full text PDF |
3543 |
1146
Abstract
|
Background/purpose. Morocco’s recent higher education reform, Pacte ESRI-2030, lays emphasis on digital skills, a major component of Power Skills, as a catalyst for student success. Pursuant to this, the current study aimed at assessing the effectiveness of a blended learning model in improving undergraduate students’ digital literacy skills. Materials/methods. A quasi-experimental design was deployed to investigate the impact of a blended learning intervention on the digital skills of 15 S5 Educational Linguistics students. Participants were administered a pre-DSAT and a hybrid learning experience combining in-class instruction and an online SPOC. A post-DSAT was then allocated to measure learning outcomes. Results. The paired-sample t-test revealed a significant increase in DSAT scores (p = .035) from the pre-test (M = 206.67) to the post-test (M = 258.10), indicating improved digital skills. Cohen's d of 0.79 suggests a large effect size. Participants maintained high performance on the final exam, suggesting sustained learning.
|
Conclusion. The blended learning model effectively improved the participants’ digital literacy skills. These results contribute to the growing evidence supporting the efficacy of blended learning in developing key digital skills.
Keywords: blended learning, digital literacy, higher education, Morocco, Pacte ESRI-2030
ReferencesAkbarov, A., Gönen, K., & Aydogan, H. (2018). Students' attitudes toward blended learning in EFL context. Acta Didactica Napocensia, 11(1), 61-68. https://doi.org/10.24193/adn.11.1.5
Alsalhi, N. R., Eltahir, M., Al-Qatawneh, S., Ouakli, N., Antoun, H. B., Abdelkader, A. F., & Al Jumaili, L. (2021). Blended learning in higher education: a study of its impact on students' performance. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 16(14), 249. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v16i14.23775
Ayu, F. B., & Risdianto, E. (2023). Bibliometric analysis: application of blended learning in the development of digital skills in the era of digital education. JENTIK: Jurnal Pendidikan Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi, 2(2), 43-47. https://doi.org/10.58723/jentik.v2i2.226
Bailey, P. (2023). Creating a digital literacy curriculum for students in Morocco. Worcester Polytechnic Institute.
Bakkali, I., Pérez-Torregrosa, A. B., Cebrián-Robles, V., & Cebrián-de-la-Serna, M. (2024). Digital inclusion in the Moroccan context: a review of research and educational initiatives in the twenty-first century. From Digital Divide to Digital Inclusion: Challenges, Perspectives and Trends in the Development of Digital Competences, 377-394. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-7645-4_17
Balula, A., Vasconcelos, S., & Moreira, A. (2019). Developing academic skills in blended environments. Journal of Teaching English for Specific and Academic Purposes, 303-309. https://doi.org/10.22190/jtesap1903303b
Belkhatab, Z., & Haddouche, S. (2024). Digital skills and employability: what effect on Moroccan economic growth? International Journal of Economics and Management Sciences, 3(3), 130-147.
Bell, V., Bishop, D. V., & Przybylski, A. K. (2015). The debate over digital technology and young people. BMJ, 351. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h3064
Benjelloun, W. (2022). Shaping the future: North African universities after COVID-19. In Higher Education in the Arab World: New Priorities in the Post COVID-19 Era (pp. 195-207). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07539-1_10
Bersin, J. (2004). The blended learning book: Best practices, proven methodologies, and lessons learned. John Wiley & Sons.
Bourray, S. (2023). The quality of higher education in the digital age and the challenge of employability. African Scientific Journal, 3(18), 017–017.
Bulganina, S. V., Prokhorova, M. P., Lebedeva, T. E., Shkunova, A. A., & Mikhailov, M. S. (2021). Digital skills as a response to the challenges of the modern society. Revista Turismo Estudos e Práticas-RTEP/UERN(01), 1-7.
Bykova, T. B., Ivashchenko, M. V., Kassim, D. A., & Kovalchuk, V. I. (2021). Blended learning in the context of digitalization. CTE Workshop Proceedings.
Campbell, D. T., & Riecken, H. (1968). Quasi-experimental design. International encyclopedia of the social sciences, 5(3), 259–263.
Canton, H. (2021). Organisation for economic co-operation and development—OECD. In The Europa Directory of International Organizations 2021 (pp. 677–687). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003179900-102
Chergui, M., Tahiri, A., Chakir, A., & Mansouri, H. (2020). Towards a new educational engineering model for Moroccan university based on iCT. Int. J. Eng. Pedagog., 10(3), 49-63. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijep.v10i3.12421
Chih-Pei, H., & Chang, Y.-Y. (2017). John W. Creswell, research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Journal of Social and Administrative Sciences, 4(2), 205-207. https://doi.org/10.1453/jsas.v4i2.1313
Clark, V. L. P., & Creswell, J. W. (2008). The mixed methods reader. Sage.
Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 155-159.
Coleman, J. (2015). Introduction: Digital technologies in the lives of young people. In Digital technologies in the lives of young people (pp. 1–8). Routledge.
Craig, S. B., & Hannum, K. M. (2007). Experimental and quasi-experimental evaluations. The handbook of leadership development evaluation, 19–47.
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2005). Mixed methods research: developments, debates, and dilemmas. Research in Organizations: Foundations and Methods of Inquiry, 2, 315-326.
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications.
Cushing, A. L., & Osti, G. (2023). “So how do we balance all of these needs?”: how the concept of AI technology impacts digital archival expertise. Journal of Documentation, 79(7), 12–29. https://doi.org/10.1108/jd-08-2022-0170
Dakhi, O., JAMA, J., & IRFAN, D. (2020). Blended learning: a 21st century learning model at college. International Journal of Multi Science, 1(08), 50-65.
Davies, C., Coleman, J., & Livingstone, S. (2015). Digital technologies in the lives of young people. Routledge.
Dugard, P., & Todman, J. (1995). Analysis of pre‐test‐post‐test control group designs in educational research. Educational Psychology, 15(2), 181–198. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144341950150207
Elhazziti, M. A., Ferraz, D. A. C., Elazzouzi, E., Master, M., & Gomes, J. S. (2023). Digital transformation in Morocco: challenges and perspectives. Journal of US-China Public Administration, 20(2), 83-97.
Errihani, M. (2024). Education and Language Reforms. Language Policy, 47-66. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-51594-1_4
Eynon, R., & Geniets, A. (2016). The digital skills paradox: how do digitally excluded youth develop skills to use the internet? Learning, Media and Technology, 41(3), 463-479. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2014.1002845
Ferrari, A. (2012). Digital competence in practice: an analysis of frameworks. Publications Office of the European Union Luxembourg.
Gilster, P., & Glister, P. (1997). Digital literacy. Wiley Computer Pub. New York.
Goulart, V. G., Liboni, L. B., & Cezarino, L. O. (2022). Balancing skills in the digital transformation era: the future of jobs and the role of higher education. Industry and Higher Education, 36(2), 118-127. https://doi.org/10.1177/09504222211029796
Graham, C. R. (2018). Current research in blended learning. Handbook of distance education, 173-188. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315296135-15
Gross, C. P., Krumholz, H. M., Van Wye, G., Emanuel, E. J., & Wendler, D. (2006). Does random treatment assignment cause harm to research participants? PLoS Medicine, 3(6), e188. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030188
Haddon, L., Cino, D., Doyle, M., Livingstone, S., Mascheroni, G., & Stoilova, M. (2020). Children's and young people's digital skills: a systematic evidence review. Children's and young people's digital skills: a systematic evidence review, 1–152.
Heeks, R. (2017). Information and communication technology for development (ICT4D). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315652603
Helsper, E. J., & Van Deursen, A. (2015). Digital skills in Europe: Research and policy.In K. Anderson (Ed.), Digital divides: The new challenges and opportunities of e-inclusion (pp. 126-150). Routledge.
Hofmann, J., Bonk, C., & Graham, C. (2006). Why Blended learning hasn’t (yet) fulfilled its promises. In C. J. Bong & C. R. Graham (Eds.), Handbook of blended learning: global perspectives, local designs (pp. 27-40). John Wiley & Sons.
Isman, A., Abanmy, F. A., Hussein, H. B., Saadany, A., & Abdelrahman, M. (2012). Using blended learning in developing student teachers teaching skills. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology-TOJET, 11(4), 336-345.
Itu, Y., & Amer, M. A. B. (2024). Designing the future: digital skills and intelligence in holistic education. International Journal of Social and Education, 1(3), 608-620.
Jackman, J. A., Gentile, D. A., Cho, N.-J., & Park, Y. (2021). Addressing the digital skills gap for future education. Nature Human Behaviour, 5(5), 542–545. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01074-z
Kappeler, K. (2024). A longitudinal perspective on digital skills for everyday life: measurement and empirical evidence. Media and Communication, 12, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.8159
Kelly, J. A., & McNair, V. (2021). Re-imagining blended learning. an experience-led approach to accelerate student future skills development. Proceedings of the International Conference on Interactive Collaborative Learning. Springer Nature.
Koog, Y. H., & Min, B.-I. (2009). Does random participant assignment cause fewer benefits in research participants? Systematic review of partially randomized acupuncture trials. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 15(10), 1107-1113. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2009.0132
Livingstone, S., Mascheroni, G., & Stoilova, M. (2023). The outcomes of gaining digital skills for young people’s lives and wellbeing: a systematic evidence review. New Media & Society, 25(5), 1176–1202. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211043189
López-Pérez, M. V., Pérez-López, M. C., & Rodríguez-Ariza, L. (2011). Blended learning in higher education: Students’ perceptions and their relation to outcomes. Computers & Education, 56(3), 818-826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2010.10.023
Metcalf, C. E., & Thornton, C. (1992). Random assignment. Children and Youth Services Review, 14(1-2), 145–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/0190-7409(92)90020-V
Meyers, E. M., Erickson, I., & Small, R. V. (2013). Digital literacy and informal learning environments: an introduction. Learning, Media and Technology, 38(4), 355–367. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2013.783597
Mihai, P. D., Liviu, T., & Maria, N. (2022). E-Government and the general population's digital skills in the European Union and OECD member states. digitalization and big data for resilience and economic intelligence: 4th International Conference on Economics and Social Sciences, ICESS 2021, Bucharest, Romania,
Miller, C., & Bartlett, J. (2012). 'Digital fluency': towards young people's critical internet use. Journal of Information Literacy, 6(2), 35-57.
Morocco, P. I. (2021). Bridging the gap: matching digital skills and the employability pipeline in Morocco. In Digital talent review. Huawei.
Mostova, A. (2024). Digital skills as strategic direction for the digital transformation of business and society. Baltija Publishing.
Muxtorjonovna, A. M. (2020). Significance of blended learning in the education system. The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations, 2(08), 507-511. https://doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume02issue08-82
O'Connor, C., Mortimer, D., & Bond, S. (2011). Blended learning: Issues, benefits and challenges. International Journal of Employment Studies, 19(2), 63–83.
OECD., K. (2018). OECD science, technology and innovation outlook 2018. OECD publishing Paris.
Ong-Dean, C., Huie Hofstetter, C., & Strick, B. R. (2011). Challenges and dilemmas in implementing random assignment in educational research. American Journal of Evaluation, 32(1), 29-49. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098214010376532
Pagani, L., Argentin, G., Gui, M., & Stanca, L. (2016). The impact of digital skills on educational outcomes: evidence from performance tests. Educational Studies, 42(2), 137-162. https://doi.org/10.1080/03055698.2016.1148588
Patabang, A., Limbong, M., & Sunaryo, T. (2023). Management of blended learning and digital skills and their effects on learning independence for vocational high school students. Jurnal Pedagogi dan Pembelajaran, 6(1), 106-113. https://doi.org/10.23887/jp2.v6i1.48894
Patmanthara, S., & Hidayat, W. N. (2018). Improving vocational high school students digital literacy skill through blended learning model. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Volume 1028, 2nd International Conference on Statistics, Mathematics, Teaching, and Research 2017 9–10 October 2017, Makassar, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1028/1/012076
Selwyn, N. (2015). Making sense of young people, education and digital technology: The role of sociological theory. In Digital Technologies in the Lives of Young People (pp. 81–96). Routledge.
Shadish, W. R., & Luellen, J. K. (2012). Quasi-experimental design. In Handbook of complementary methods in education research (pp. 539–550). Routledge.
Sidani, S. (2006). Random assignment: A systematic review. In Strengthening research methodology: Psychological measurement and evaluation, 125-141. https://doi.org/10.1037/11384-007
Stake, R. (1995). Case study research. Springer.
Stefanović, D., Svetlana, I., & Božović, I. (2024). Analysis of the relationship index of digital skills and economic development. Oditor, 10(1), 191-245. https://doi.org/10.59864/oditor12408s
Stepanova, E. V. (2020). The blended learning in higher education. European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences. https://doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2020.10.03.103
Stofkova, J., Poliakova, A., Stofkova, K. R., Malega, P., Krejnus, M., Binasova, V., & Daneshjo, N. (2022). Digital skills as a significant factor of human resources development. Sustainability, 14(20), 13117. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013117
Thyer, B. A. (2012). Quasi-experimental research designs. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195387384.001.0001
Tucker, J. S., McGilvray, D. H., Leibrecht, B. C., Strauss, C. B., Perrault, A., & Gesselman, A. N. (2009). Training digital skills in distributed classroom environments: A blended learning approach. US Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences: US. https://doi.org/10.21236/ada495731
van der Vlies, R. (2020), "Digital strategies in education across OECD countries: Exploring education policies on digital technologies", OECD Education Working Papers, No. 226, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/33dd4c26-en.
Van Deursen, A. J., & Van Dijk, J. A. (2014). Digital skills: Unlocking the information society. Springer.
van Kessel, R., Wong, B. L. H., Rubinić, I., O’Nuallain, E., & Czabanowska, K. (2022). Is Europe prepared to go digital? making the case for developing digital capacity: An exploratory analysis of Eurostat survey data. PLOS Digital Health, 1(2), e0000013. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pdig.0000013
Vitezić, V., & Perić, M. (2024). The role of digital skills in the acceptance of artificial intelligence. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 39(7), 1546-1566. https://doi.org/10.1108/jbim-04-2023-0210
White, H., & Sabarwal, S. (2014). Quasi-experimental design and methods. Methodological Briefs: Impact Evaluation, 8, 1-16.
Yin, R. K. (2018). Case study research and applications. Sage.