Abstract

Conclusion. It is undeniable that the integration of AI-based digital technologies bears several opportunities and challenges for adapting the functioning of schools to the new conditions in the interest of students, teachers, and other stakeholders.

Keywords: School leadership; school management; digital leadership; artificial intelligence; digital technologies

Ahmad, S. F., Alam, M. M., Rahmat, M. K., Mubarik, M. S., & Hyder, S. I. (2022). Academic and administrative role of artificial intelligence in education. Sustainability, 14(3), 1101. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031101

Avolio, B. J., & Kahai, S. S. (2003). Adding the “e” to e-leadership: how it may impact your leadership. Organizational Dynamics, 31(4), 325–338. https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/organizational-dynamics/vol/31/issue/4

Avolio, B. J., Kahai, S., & Dodge, G. E. (2000). E-leadership: implications for theory, research, and practice. The Leadership Quarterly, 11(4), 615–668. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(00)00062-X

Avolio, B. J., Walumbwa, F. O., & Weber, T. J. (2009). Leadership: current theories, research, and future directions. Annual Review of Psychology, 60(1), 421–449. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163621 

Baker, T., & Smith, L. (2019). Educ-AI-tion rebooted? Exploring the future of artificial intelligence in schools and colleges. https://www.nesta.org.uk/report/education-rebooted/

Benbya, H., Davenport, T. H., & Pachidi, S. (2020) Artificial intelligence in organizations: current state and future opportunities. MIS Quarterly Executive 19(4), 1–15. http://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3741983

Bhatta, N. (2021). Emerging ethical challenges of leadership in the digital era: a multi-vocal literature review. Electronic Journal of Business Ethics and Organization Studies, 26(1), 30–46. http://ejbo.jyu.fi/pdf/ejbo_vol26_no1_pages_30-46.pdf

Cano, E. V. (2013). Open government and e-leadership in schools mediated by ICT. Croatian Journal of Education, 15(1), 11–41. https://doi.org/10.15516/cje.v15i1.429 

Chatterjee, S., & Bhattacharjee, K. K. (2020). Adoption of artificial intelligence in higher education: A quantitative analysis using structural equation modelling. Education and Information Technologies, 25, 3443-3463. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-020-10159-7

Chen, G., Shen, R., Wang, J.,& Chen, Z. (2007). Collaborative education model and its application in e-learning. In The proceedings of IEEE computer society-computer and information science (pp.  856-860). IEEE.

Chen, X., Xie, H., Zou, D., & Hwang, G. J. (2020). Application and theory gaps during the rise of artificial intelligence in education. Computers & Education: Artificial Intelligence 1: 100002. https://doi.org/10.1016j.caeai.2020.100002 

Chernov, A & Chernova, V. (2019) Artificial intelligence in management: challenges and opportunities. In Hammes, K., Machrafi, M., & Samodol, A. (Eds.) The proceedings of the 38th international scientific conference on economic and social development (pp. 133-140). Varazdin Development and Entrepreneurship Agency.

Colchester, K., Hagras, H., Alghazzawi, D., & Aldabbagh, G. (2017). A survey of artificial intelligence techniques employed for adaptive educational systems within e-learning platforms. Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing Research, 7(1), 47–64. https://doi.org/10.1515/jaiscr-2017-0004

Davis, E. B., Kee, J., & Newcomer, K. (2010). Strategic transformation process: toward purpose, people, process and power. Organization Management Journal, 7, 66–80. https://scholarship.shu.edu/omj/vol7/iss1/10

Dormann, C., Binnewies, C., Koch, A. R., Ackeren, I. V., Clausen, M., Preisendörfer, P., ... & Zlatkin-Troitschanskaia, O. (2016). Transferring best evidence into practice: assessment of evidence-based school management. Journal for Educational Research Online, 8(3), 14-38. https://doi.org/10.25656/01:12803  

Fullan, M., Azorín, C., Harris, A., & Jones, M. (2023). Artificial intelligence and school leadership: challenges, opportunities and implications. School Leadership & Management, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632434.2023.2246856

García-Peñalvo, F. J. (2023). The perception of artificial intelligence in educational contexts after the launch of ChatGPT: disruption or panic? Education in the Knowledge Society 24, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.14201/eks.31279

Guan, C., Mou, J., & Jiang, Z. (2020). Artificial intelligence innovation in education: a twenty-year data-driven historical analysis. International Journal of Innovation Studies, 4(4), 134–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijis.2020.09.001

Harris, A., & Jones. M. (2020). COVID 19–school leadership in disruptive times. School Leadership & Management 40 (4), 243–247. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632434.2020.1811479.

Huang, J., Saleh, S., & Liu, Y. (2021). A review on artificial intelligence in education. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 10(3), 206–217  https://doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2021-0077

Indra, R., Ritonga, M., & Kustati, M. (2022, August). E-leadership of the school principals in implementing online learning during COVID-19 pandemic at public senior high schools. Frontiers in Education, 7, 973274. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.973274 

Jameson, J. (2014). Distributed e-leadership and trust: the visibility/invisibility paradox in the ecology of online school communities. International Congress for School Effectiveness and Improvement. Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

Jameson, J., Ferrell, G., Kelly, J., Walker, S., & Ryan, M. (2006). Building trust and shared knowledge in communities of e‐learning practice: collaborative leadership in the JISC eLISA and CAMEL lifelong learning projects. British Journal of Educational Technology, 37(6), 949-967. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8535.2006.00669.x

Jarrahi M. (2018). Artificial intelligence and the future of work: human-AI symbiosis in organizational decision making. Business Horizons, 61(4), 577-586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2018.03.007 

Jovanovic, B.(2021). 55 Fascinating AI statistics and trends for 2021: key AI statistics. https://dataprot.net/statistics/ai-statistics/

Kamalov, F., Santandreu C. D., & Gurrib, I. (2023). New era of artificial intelligence in education: towards a sustainable multifaceted revolution. Sustainability, 15(16), 12451. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151612451

Karakose, T., & Tülübaş, T. (2023). How Can ChatGPT Facilitate Teaching and Learning: Implications for Contemporary Education. Educational Process: International Journal, 12(4): 7-16. https://dx.doi.org/10.22521/edupij.2023.124.1

Karakose, T., Kardas, A., Kanadlı, S., Tülübaş, T., & Yildirim, B. (2024). How Collective Efficacy Mediates the Association between Principal Instructional Leadership and Teacher Self-Efficacy: Findings from a Meta-Analytic Structural Equation Modeling (MASEM) Study. Behavioral Sciences, 14(2), 85. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14020085

Karakose, T., Kocabas, I., Yirci, R., Papadakis, S., Ozdemir, T. Y., & Demirkol, M. (2022a). The development and evolution of digital leadership: a bibliometric mapping approach-based study. Sustainability, 14(23), 16171. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142316171 

Karakose, T., Papadakis, S., Tülübaş, T., & Polat, H. (2022b). Understanding the intellectual structure and evolution of distributed leadership in schools: A science mapping-based bibliometric analysis. Sustainability, 14(24), 16779. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142416779

Karakose, T., Polat, H., & Papadakis, S. (2021). Examining teachers’ perspectives on school principals’ digital leadership roles and technology capabilities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sustainability, 13(23), 13448. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132313448

Lathrop, D., & Ruma, L. (2010). Open government: collaboration, transparency, and participation in practice. O’Reilly Media.

Leithwood, K., Louis, K.S., Anderson, S. & Wahlstrom, K. (2004). How leadership influences student learning: A review of research for the Learning from Leadership project. New York: The Wallace Foundation.

Mishra, P., Henriksen, D., Boltz, L. O., & Richardson, C. (2016). E-leadership and teacher development using ICT. In ICT in Education in Global Context: Comparative Reports of Innovations in K-12 Education (pp. 249-266). Springer.

Nishant, R., Kennedy, M. & Corbett, J. (2020). Artificial intelligence for sustainability: challenges, opportunities, and a research agenda. International Journal of Information Management, 53, 102104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102104

Oh, S. P., & Chua, Y. P. (2018). An explorative review of e-leadership studies. International Online Journal of Educational Leadership, 2(1), 4–20. https://doi.org/10.22452/iojel.vol2no1.2

Ottestad, G. (2013). School leadership for ICT and teachers’ use of digital tools. Nordic Journal of Digital Literacy, 8(1–2), 107–125. https://doi.org/10.18261/ISSN1891-943X-2013-01-02-07

Papadakis, S., Gözüm, A.İ.C., Kaya, Ü.Ü., Kalogiannakis, M., & Karaköse, T. (2024). Examining the Validity and Reliability of the Teacher Self-Efficacy Scale in the Use of ICT at Home for Preschool Distance Education (TSES-ICT-PDE) Among Greek Preschool Teachers: A Comparative Study with Turkey. In: Papadakis, S. (eds) IoT, AI, and ICT for Educational Applications. EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50139-5_1

Polat, E., Hopcan, S., & Yahşi, Ö. (2022). Are K–12 teachers ready for e-learning? International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 23(2), 214-241. https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v23i2.6082 

Reay, T., Berta, W., & Kohn, M. K. (2017). What's the evidence on evidence-based management? Academy of Management Perspectives, 23(4), 5-18. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.23.4.5

Santana, M., & Díaz-Fernández, M. (2023). Competencies for the artificial intelligence age: visualisation of the state of the art and future perspectives. Review of Managerial Science, 17(6), 1971-2004. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-022-00613-w

Selwyn, N. (2015). Data entry: towards the critical study of digital data and education. Learning, Media & Technology, 40(1), 64–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2014.921628

Sghir, N., Adadi, A., & Lahmer, M. (2023). Recent advances in predictive learning analytics: a decade systematic review (2012–2022). Education and Information Technologies, 28(7), 8299-8333. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-11536-0

Stone, S.M. (2019), Digitally deaf: why organizations struggle with digital transformation. Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01833-7

Taylor, L., & Adelman, H.S. (2000). Connecting schools, families, and communities. Professional School Psychology, 3, 298–307. https://www.proquest.com/docview/213329367?pqorigsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true 

Tülübaş, T., Karakose, T., & Papadakis, S. (2023). A Holistic Investigation of the Relationship between Digital Addiction and Academic Achievement among Students. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 13(10), 2006-2034. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe13100143

Turing, A. (1950). Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind, 59(236), 433–60.

Van Quaquebeke, N., & Gerpott, F. H. (2023). The now, new, and next of digital leadership: how artificial intelligence (AI) will take over and change leadership as we know It. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies 30 (3), 265–275. https://doi.org/10.1177/15480518231181731.

Wang, Y. (2021). An improved machine learning and artificial intelligence algorithm for classroom management of English distance education. Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, 40(2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3233/JIFS-189385

Williamson, B. (2016). Digital education governance: data visualization, predictive analytics, and ‘real-time’ policy instruments. Journal of Education Policy, 31(2), 123-141. http://doi.org/10.1080/02680939.2015.1035758